在CentOS上如何安裝Singularity高性能容器
更新時(shí)間：2024年05月09日 09:56:39 作者：DECHIN
Singularity是勞倫斯伯克利國家實(shí)驗(yàn)室專門為大規(guī)模、跨節(jié)點(diǎn)HPC和DL工作負(fù)載而開發(fā)的容器化技術(shù),具備輕量級、快速部署、方便遷移等優(yōu)勢,且支持從Docker鏡像格式轉(zhuǎn)換為Singularity鏡像格式,本文給大家介紹在CentOS上如何安裝Singularity高性能容器,感興趣的朋友一起看看吧
基于CentOS的singularity容器二進(jìn)制安裝方案
什么是singularity容器
Singularity是勞倫斯伯克利國家實(shí)驗(yàn)室專門為大規(guī)模、跨節(jié)點(diǎn)HPC和DL工作負(fù)載而開發(fā)的容器化技術(shù)。具備輕量級、快速部署、方便遷移等諸多優(yōu)勢，且支持從Docker鏡像格式轉(zhuǎn)換為Singularity鏡像格式。除了兼容docker的鏡像之外，singularity還有一個(gè)不太明顯的優(yōu)勢：可以通過非root帳號來拉起容器，這樣對于某些安全性要求比較高的場景來說還是有用途的。
環(huán)境準(zhǔn)備
目前singularity支持了redhat系列Linux發(fā)行版的二進(jìn)制安裝，這里我們使用的基礎(chǔ)系統(tǒng)是CentOS：
[root@centos /]# cat /etc/redhat-release CentOS Linux release 8.3.2011
安裝配置epel擴(kuò)展源
首先我們需要更新所有的系統(tǒng)軟件：
[root@centos /]# yum update -y CentOS Linux 8 - AppStream 1.1 MB/s | 6.3 MB 00:05 CentOS Linux 8 - BaseOS 1.7 MB/s | 2.3 MB 00:01 Dependencies resolved. Nothing to do. Complete!
安裝epel擴(kuò)展源：
[root@centos /]# yum install -y epel-release Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:22 ago on Wed 13 Jan 2021 09:24:36 AM UTC. Dependencies resolved. ============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================ Package Architecture Version Repository Size ============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================ Installing: epel-release noarch 8-8.el8 extras 23 k Transaction Summary ============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================ Install 1 Package Total download size: 23 k Installed size: 32 k Downloading Packages: epel-release-8-8.el8.noarch.rpm 140 kB/s | 23 kB 00:00 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 34 kB/s | 23 kB 00:00 Running transaction check Transaction check succeeded. Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded. Running transaction Preparing : 1/1 Installing : epel-release-8-8.el8.noarch 1/1 Running scriptlet: epel-release-8-8.el8.noarch 1/1 Verifying : epel-release-8-8.el8.noarch 1/1 Installed: epel-release-8-8.el8.noarch Complete!
安裝好epel源之后，需要再次更新系統(tǒng)軟件：
[root@centos /]# yum update -y Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux Modular 8 - x86_64 9.2 kB/s | 527 kB 00:57 Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 8 - x86_64 10 kB/s | 8.8 MB 14:46 Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:19 ago on Wed 13 Jan 2021 09:26:09 AM UTC. Dependencies resolved. ============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================ Package Architecture Version Repository Size ============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================ Upgrading: epel-release noarch 8-10.el8 epel 22 k Transaction Summary ============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================ Upgrade 1 Package Total download size: 22 k Downloading Packages: epel-release-8-10.el8.noarch.rpm 7.8 kB/s | 22 kB 00:02 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 6.1 kB/s | 22 kB 00:03 warning: /var/cache/dnf/epel-05da96c052a128d8/packages/epel-release-8-10.el8.noarch.rpm: Header V4 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 2f86d6a1: NOKEY Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 8 - x86_64 1.6 MB/s | 1.6 kB 00:00 Importing GPG key 0x2F86D6A1: Userid : "Fedora EPEL (8) <epel@fedoraproject.org>" Fingerprint: 94E2 79EB 8D8F 25B2 1810 ADF1 21EA 45AB 2F86 D6A1 From : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-8 Key imported successfully Running transaction check Transaction check succeeded. Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded. Running transaction Preparing : 1/1 Running scriptlet: epel-release-8-10.el8.noarch 1/1 Upgrading : epel-release-8-10.el8.noarch 1/2 Cleanup : epel-release-8-8.el8.noarch 2/2 Running scriptlet: epel-release-8-8.el8.noarch 2/2 Verifying : epel-release-8-10.el8.noarch 1/2 Verifying : epel-release-8-8.el8.noarch 2/2 Upgraded: epel-release-8-10.el8.noarch Complete!
配置epel國內(nèi)鏡像源
使用默認(rèn)的源地址去下載軟件的話，有可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致下載速度緩慢甚至下載失敗。這里推薦使用華為的國內(nèi)鏡像源地址，配置方法如下：
[root@centos /]# sed -i "s/#baseurl/baseurl/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo [root@centos /]# sed -i "s/metalink/#metalink/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo [root@centos /]# sed -i "s@https\?://download.fedoraproject.org/pub@https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com@g" /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo
再次更新所有源：
[root@centos /]# yum update -y Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 8 - x86_64 5.9 MB/s | 8.8 MB 00:01 Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:02 ago on Wed 13 Jan 2021 09:55:51 AM UTC. Dependencies resolved. Nothing to do. Complete!
使用yum安裝singularity
到這里為止，基本的環(huán)境配置就完成了，可以正式開始singularity的安裝：
[root@centos /]# yum install -y singularity Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:59 ago on Wed 13 Jan 2021 09:55:51 AM UTC. Dependencies resolved. ============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================ Package Architecture Version Repository Size ============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================ Installing: singularity x86_64 3.7.0-1.el8 epel 42 M Transaction Summary ============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================ Install 1 Package Total download size: 42 M Installed size: 138 M Downloading Packages: singularity-3.7.0-1.el8.x86_64.rpm 3.4 MB/s | 42 MB 00:12 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 3.4 MB/s | 42 MB 00:12 Running transaction check Transaction check succeeded. Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded. Running transaction Preparing : 1/1 Installing : singularity-3.7.0-1.el8.x86_64 1/1 Running scriptlet: singularity-3.7.0-1.el8.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : singularity-3.7.0-1.el8.x86_64 1/1 Installed: singularity-3.7.0-1.el8.x86_64 Complete!
可以通過如下方式來驗(yàn)證singularity是否安裝成功，并且查看版本號：
[root@centos /]# singularity --version singularity version 3.7.0-1.el8
singualrity的基本使用方法
首先我們可以通過軟件自身的help來查看軟件支持的功能：
[root@centos /]# singularity --help
Linux container platform optimized for High Performance Computing (HPC) and
Enterprise Performance Computing (EPC)
Usage:
singularity [global options...]
Description:
Singularity containers provide an application virtualization layer enabling
mobility of compute via both application and environment portability. With
Singularity one is capable of building a root file system that runs on any
other Linux system where Singularity is installed.
Options:
-c, --config string specify a configuration file (for root or
unprivileged installation only) (default
"/etc/singularity/singularity.conf")
-d, --debug print debugging information (highest verbosity)
-h, --help help for singularity
--nocolor print without color output (default False)
-q, --quiet suppress normal output
-s, --silent only print errors
-v, --verbose print additional information
--version version for singularity
Available Commands:
build Build a Singularity image
cache Manage the local cache
capability Manage Linux capabilities for users and groups
config Manage various singularity configuration (root user only)
delete Deletes requested image from the library
exec Run a command within a container
help Help about any command
inspect Show metadata for an image
instance Manage containers running as services
key Manage OpenPGP keys
oci Manage OCI containers
plugin Manage Singularity plugins
pull Pull an image from a URI
push Upload image to the provided URI
remote Manage singularity remote endpoints, keyservers and OCI/Docker registry credentials
run Run the user-defined default command within a container
run-help Show the user-defined help for an image
search Search a Container Library for images
shell Run a shell within a container
sif siftool is a program for Singularity Image Format (SIF) file manipulation
sign Attach digital signature(s) to an image
test Run the user-defined tests within a container
verify Verify cryptographic signatures attached to an image
version Show the version for Singularity
Examples:
$ singularity help <command> [<subcommand>]
$ singularity help build
$ singularity help instance start
For additional help or support, please visit https://www.sylabs.io/docs/這里可以看到跟docker的接口還是有較大區(qū)別的，但是容器的本質(zhì)還是基于namespace和cgroup的隔離方案，這點(diǎn)上都是大同小異。由于本文的主要目的在于介紹singularity的安裝，這里不詳細(xì)展開singularity的使用介紹，僅簡單介紹一個(gè)使用的案例：適用singularity搭建一個(gè)ubuntu的容器環(huán)境。
首先我們創(chuàng)建一個(gè)容器沙箱，這里用的基礎(chǔ)鏡像還是從dockerhub獲取的ubuntu基礎(chǔ)鏡像
[root@centos /]# singularity build --sandbox ubuntu docker://ubuntu INFO: Starting build... Getting image source signatures Copying blob da7391352a9b done Copying blob 14428a6d4bcd skipped: already exists Copying blob 2c2d948710f2 [--------------------------------------] 0.0b / 0.0b Copying config aa23411143 done Writing manifest to image destination Storing signatures 2021/01/14 01:20:39 info unpack layer: sha256:da7391352a9bb76b292a568c066aa4c3cbae8d494e6a3c68e3c596d34f7c75f8 2021/01/14 01:20:39 info unpack layer: sha256:14428a6d4bcdba49a64127900a0691fb00a3f329aced25eb77e3b65646638f8d 2021/01/14 01:20:39 info unpack layer: sha256:2c2d948710f21ad82dce71743b1654b45acb5c059cf5c19da491582cef6f2601 INFO: Creating sandbox directory... INFO: Build complete: ubuntu
在執(zhí)行結(jié)束后可以在當(dāng)期目錄下生成一個(gè)名為ubuntu的目錄，通過拉起該目錄為容器，可以修改鏡像配置，制作自己的容器鏡像
[root@centos /]# singularity shell -w ubuntu
修改完配置之后，可以將該沙箱build成一個(gè)鏡像文件
[root@centos /]# singularity build ubuntu-base.sif ubuntu/ INFO: Starting build... INFO: Creating SIF file... INFO: Build complete: ubuntu-base.sif
創(chuàng)建好sif鏡像之后，會(huì)在本地生成一個(gè)sif文件，可通過該sif文件拉起一個(gè)容器，這里我們可以用一個(gè)非root帳號來拉起
[dechin@centos /]# singularity shell ubuntu.sif
這里我們不過多贅述容器的使用方法，后續(xù)會(huì)出一些源碼安裝的方案以及更多的使用和配置場景。
版權(quán)聲明
本文首發(fā)鏈接為：https://www.cnblogs.com/dechinphy/p/singularity-install.html
作者ID：DechinPhy
更多原著文章請參考：https://www.cnblogs.com/dechinphy/
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