def calculate_discount(price, rate):
    assert 0 <= rate <= 1, "折扣率必須在0到1之間"
    return price * rate

if not <condition>:
    raise AssertionError(<message>)

def bubble_sort(arr):
    assert isinstance(arr, list), "輸入必須是列表"
    assert all(isinstance(x, (int, float)) for x in arr), "列表元素必須是數(shù)字"
    
    n = len(arr)
    for i in range(n):
        for j in range(0, n-i-1):
            if arr[j] > arr[j+1]:
                arr[j], arr[j+1] = arr[j+1], arr[j]
    return arr

def train_model(X, y):
    # 假設(shè)X應(yīng)該是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化后的數(shù)據(jù)
    assert np.allclose(X.mean(axis=0), 0), "數(shù)據(jù)未標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化"
    assert np.allclose(X.std(axis=0), 1), "數(shù)據(jù)未標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化"
    
    # 訓(xùn)練邏輯...

def withdraw(account, amount):
    """從賬戶取款
    
    Args:
        account: 賬戶對象，必須有balance屬性
        amount: 取款金額，必須為正數(shù)且不超過余額
    """
    assert hasattr(account, 'balance'), "賬戶對象缺少balance屬性"
    assert amount > 0, "取款金額必須為正數(shù)"
    assert amount <= account.balance, "余額不足"
    
    account.balance -= amount
    return amount

def test_stack_operations():
    s = Stack()
    assert len(s) == 0, "新棧應(yīng)為空"
    
    s.push(1)
    assert len(s) == 1, "壓棧后長度應(yīng)為1"
    assert s.peek() == 1, "棧頂元素應(yīng)為1"
    
    s.pop()
    assert len(s) == 0, "彈棧后應(yīng)為空"

# 錯誤示范
def register_user(username):
    assert isinstance(username, str), "用戶名必須是字符串"
    assert len(username) >= 3, "用戶名太短"
    # ...

# 差
assert matrix.shape[0] == matrix.shape[1]

# 好
assert matrix.shape[0] == matrix.shape[1], f"矩陣不是方陣: {matrix.shape}"

# 性能敏感場景
def process_large_array(arr):
    for _ in range(1000000):
        assert arr is not None  # 每次循環(huán)都檢查
        # ...

# 錯誤示范
assert (x := calculate_value()) > 0, "值必須為正"

# 正確做法
x = calculate_value()
assert x > 0, f"值{x}必須為正"

def assert_is_sorted(iterable, key=None):
    if key is None:
        key = lambda x: x
    for i in range(len(iterable)-1):
        assert key(iterable[i]) <= key(iterable[i+1]), \
            f"序列在索引{i}處無序: {iterable[i]} > {iterable[i+1]}"

# 使用
data = [1, 2, 4, 3, 5]
assert_is_sorted(data)  # 會觸發(fā)斷言

from typing import List

def process_items(items: List[int]):
    assert isinstance(items, list), "參數(shù)必須是列表"
    assert all(isinstance(x, int) for x in items), "列表元素必須是整數(shù)"
    
    # 處理邏輯...

import asyncio

async def fetch_data(url):
    assert isinstance(url, str), "URL必須是字符串"
    assert url.startswith(('http://', 'https://')), "URL格式不正確"
    
    # 異步獲取邏輯...

import logging

logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)

def critical_operation(data):
    try:
        assert data is not None, "數(shù)據(jù)不能為空"
        assert len(data) > 0, "數(shù)據(jù)不能為空列表"
    except AssertionError as e:
        logging.critical(f"斷言失敗: {str(e)}", exc_info=True)
        raise  # 重新拋出或處理

import os

DEBUG = os.getenv('DEBUG', '1') == '1'

def critical_function(param):
    if DEBUG:
        assert param > 0, "參數(shù)必須為正"
    # 或者更靈活的方式
    assert param > 0 or not DEBUG, "參數(shù)必須為正" if DEBUG else "參數(shù)無效"

def execute_trade(account, shares, price):
    cost = shares * price
    # 缺少斷言檢查cost是否為正
    account.balance -= cost  # 當(dāng)shares或price為負時出錯

def execute_trade(account, shares, price):
    assert shares > 0, "交易股數(shù)必須為正"
    assert price > 0, "股票價格必須為正"
    cost = shares * price
    assert cost > 0, "交易成本計算異常"
    account.balance -= cost

def normalize_data(data):
    mean = np.mean(data)
    std = np.std(data)
    # 缺少斷言檢查std是否為0
    normalized = (data - mean) / std  # 當(dāng)std=0時產(chǎn)生NaN

def normalize_data(data):
    mean = np.mean(data)
    std = np.std(data)
    assert std != 0, "標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差不能為零"
    normalized = (data - mean) / std
    assert not np.any(np.isnan(normalized)), "標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化結(jié)果包含NaN"
    return normalized