# 文件名為hello.py
def func():
	print("hello world!")
func()

import hello

mypackage/
│── __init__.py
│── module1.py
│── module2.py
└── subpackage/
    │── __init__.py
    │── module3.py

from mypackage import module1,module2
from mypackage.subpackage import module3

print(time.ctime()) 
# 輸出：“Tue Jul 22 13:15:07 2025”

struct_time = time.localtime()
print(struct_time.tm_year, struct_time.tm_mon,struct_time.tm_mday) 
# 輸出：2025 7 22

struct_time = time.localtime()
formatted = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",struct_time)
# 輸出 2025-07-22 13:33:09

parsed_time = time.strptime("2025-07-22", "%Y-%m-%d") 
print(parsed_time)
# 輸出:
# time.struct_time(tm_year=2025, tm_mon=7, tm_mday=22, tm_hour=0, tm_min=0, tm_sec=0, tm_wday=1, tm_yday=203, tm_isdst=-1)

start = time.perf_counter()
time.sleep(2)
end = time.perf_counter()
print(f"執(zhí)行耗時：{end - start:.4f}秒")
# 輸出:
# 執(zhí)行耗時：2.0003秒

start = int(time.time())
time.sleep(2)
end = int(time.time())
print(f"停頓{end - start:.2f}秒")

# 輸出:
# 停頓2.00秒

timestamp = time.time()
ts_to_struct = time.localtime(timestamp)
print(ts_to_struct)

# 輸出:
# time.struct_time(tm_year=2025, tm_mon=7, tm_mday=22, tm_hour=13, tm_min=50, tm_sec=49, tm_wday=1, tm_yday=203, tm_isdst=0)

struct_time = time.localtime()
struct_to_ts = time.mktime(struct_time)
print(struct_to_ts)

# 輸出:
# 1753163493.0

import os
os.mkdir("1") # 創(chuàng)建單級目錄 | 文件已存在會報錯
os.makedirs("test/1", exist_ok=True) # 創(chuàng)建多級目錄，exist_ok=True，當文件已存在時不報錯

import os
os.rename("old.txt","new.txt") # 重命名
os.remove("test/1.txt") # 刪除文件

import os
for entry in os.scandir("."): # . 遍歷當前目錄下的所有 文件 和 子目錄 
	if entry.is_file():
		print("文件：",entry)
# 輸出：
# 文件： <DirEntry '1.py'>

import os

path = "/home/user/documents/report.txt"

# 獲取路徑組成部分
dir_path = os.path.dirname(path)  # 目錄路徑: "/home/user/documents"
file_name = os.path.basename(path)  # 完整文件名: "report.txt"
file_root, file_ext = os.path.splitext(file_name)  # 分離主名和擴展名: ("report", ".txt")

# 完整路徑拆分
head, tail = os.path.split(path)  # ("/home/user/documents", "report.txt")

full_path = os.path.join("dir","subdir","file.txt")

print(os.path.exists("1.txt"))  # 是否存在
print(os.path.isfile("1.txt"))  # 是否是文件
print(os.path.isdir("1.txt"))  # 是否是目錄

# 輸出答案（根據個人本地要查詢的文件為主）
# True
# True
# False

 cwd = os.getcwd()

 cwd = os.chdir("/new/path")

home_dir = os.enciron.get("HOME","default") # 查找 HOME 值，沒有則返回默認值 default
print(home_dir)

os.system("ls -l")

# 假設執(zhí)行：python scripts.py arg1 arg2 --option=value
print(sys.argv) # ['script.py', 'arg1', 'arg2', '--option=value']
# 實際應用：處理命令行選項
if len()sys.argv) > 1:
	action = sys.argv[1] # arg1
	if action == "start":
		print("")
	elif action == "stop":
		print("")

with open('1.txt','w',encoding="utf-8-sig") as f:
	sys.stdout = f # 重定向標準輸出到文件
	print("這條信息將寫入文件")
	sys.stdout = sys._stdout__ # 恢復標準輸出
# 會將print中的內容寫進 1.txt文件內

print("請輸入內容：")
user_input = sys.stdin.readline().strip()
print(f"您輸入了：{user_input}")

# 輸出：
"""
請輸入內容：
1 2 3 
您輸入了：1 2 3
"""

print(sys.version)
# 輸出
"""
3.11.9 (tags/v3.11.9:de54cf5, Apr  2 2024, 10:12:12) [MSC v.1938 64 bit (AMD64)]
"""

print(sys.path) 

# 輸出列表形式，包含Python查找模塊的路徑

print(sys.platform) # 'win32', 'linux', 'darwin' (macOS)
# 輸出 
"""
win32
"""

if error_occurred:
	sys.exit(1) # 非0狀態(tài)碼表示異常退出

print("處理中...", end="")
sys.stdout.flush()
# 執(zhí)行耗時操作...
print("完成！")

import json
data = {
	"name": "Alice",
	"age": 30,
	"hobbies": ["reading"],
	"is_student": False,
}
json_str = json.dumps(data, indent=2)
print(json_str)

# 輸出：
"""
{
  "name": "Alice",
  "age": 30,
  "hobbies": [
    "reading",
    "hiking"
  ],
  "is_student": false
}
"""

restored_data = json.loads(json_str)
print(restored_data["name"]) # "Alice"

with open("data.json", "w") as f:
	json.dump(data, f, indent=4) # 控制為 4 縮進空格

with open("data.json") as f:
	loaded_data = json.load(f)

# 處理自定義對象
class User:
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        
# 自定義序列化方法
def user_encoder(obj):
    if isinstance(obj, User): # 判斷 obj 是否是 User 的實例
        return {"name": obj.name, "age": obj.age}
    raise TypeError(f"Object of type {obj.__class__.__name__} is not JSON serializable")

user = User("Bob", 40)
user_json = json.dumps(user, default=user_encoder)  # {"name": "Bob", "age": 40}

# 自定義反序列化方法
def user_decoder(dct):
    if "name" in dct and "age" in dct:
        return User(dct["name"], dct["age"])
    return dct

restored_user = json.loads(user_json, object_hook=user_decoder)
print(restored_user.name)  # "Bob"
```