Python asyncio的基本使用示例教程
Asyncio在python3.6、3.7的基本使用方式
- 什么是事件循環(huán)(event loop):
? 一方面,它類似于 CPU ,順序執(zhí)行協(xié)程的代碼;另一方面,它相當(dāng)于操作系統(tǒng),完成協(xié)程的調(diào)度,即一個(gè)協(xié)程“暫停”時(shí),決定接下來執(zhí)行哪個(gè)協(xié)程。
- 可等待對(duì)象(Future、協(xié)程、Task):
? 把可等待對(duì)象注冊(cè)進(jìn)事件循環(huán)里,事件循環(huán)會(huì)安排他們執(zhí)行并返回結(jié)果
import asyncio
# 用async定義一個(gè)協(xié)程
async def wait_and_print(wait_time, name):
# 這是一個(gè)模擬io阻塞的定時(shí)器,在sleep(或者io)的時(shí)候,
# 協(xié)程會(huì)把控制權(quán)交還給event_loop,讓他去執(zhí)行別的協(xié)程
await asyncio.sleep(wait_time)
print(f'wait_time:{wait_time}, name:{name}')
# 直接 wait_and_print(2, 'a') 這樣不能運(yùn)行一個(gè)協(xié)程,要將它注冊(cè)入事件循環(huán)中
# 在python3.7
# asyncio.run(wait_and_print(2, 'a'))
# 在python3.6
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
# run_until_complete 這個(gè)函數(shù)會(huì)阻塞運(yùn)行直到里面的協(xié)程運(yùn)行完畢返回結(jié)果
loop.run_until_complete(wait_and_print(2, 'a'))結(jié)果輸出:wait_time:2, name:a
常用到的對(duì)象和函數(shù)及其使用場(chǎng)景
協(xié)程對(duì)象:要運(yùn)行一個(gè)協(xié)程對(duì)象,必須把他注冊(cè)到事件循環(huán)里,那么有三種方法
- 直接注冊(cè)到event_loop中
- 在別的協(xié)程中await它,間接的注冊(cè)到事件循環(huán)里
- 把它包裝成一個(gè)Task對(duì)象,此時(shí)會(huì)直接注冊(cè)入’下一輪’的事件循環(huán)中
import asyncio
async def wait_and_print(wait_time, name):
# await會(huì)阻塞直到后面跟的協(xié)程運(yùn)行完畢返回結(jié)果
await asyncio.sleep(wait_time)
print(f'wait_time:{wait_time}, name:{name}')
# # 1.直接注冊(cè)入事件循環(huán)
# loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
# loop.run_until_complete(wait_and_print(2, 'a'))
#
#
# # 2.間接注冊(cè)入事件循環(huán)
# # 在其他協(xié)程中await它,再把那個(gè)協(xié)程注冊(cè)入事件循環(huán)
# async def run():
# await wait_and_print(2, 'a')
#
#
# loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
# loop.run_until_complete(run())
# # 3.打包成Task對(duì)象
#
async def run():
# 關(guān)于下面兩個(gè)函數(shù)的區(qū)別后面會(huì)在說完Task和Future對(duì)象后進(jìn)行討論
# python3.6
# asyncio.ensure_future(wait_and_print(2, 'a'))
# python3.7
print(asyncio.create_task(wait_and_print(2, 'a')))
await asyncio.sleep(3)
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(run())結(jié)果輸出:
<Task pending coro=<wait_and_print() running at /Users/frostw/Documents/share_new/share/第二部分/1.py:4>>
wait_time:2, name:a
Task
把協(xié)程對(duì)象打包成一個(gè)Task,這個(gè)過程會(huì)直接注冊(cè)這個(gè)協(xié)程進(jìn)入事件循環(huán)中
它的主要作用是幫助event_loop進(jìn)行調(diào)度,如果Task發(fā)現(xiàn)它打包的協(xié)程在await一個(gè)對(duì)象(執(zhí)行一個(gè)io操作),則該Task會(huì)掛起該協(xié)程的執(zhí)行,把控制權(quán)交回event_loop,讓他去運(yùn)行其他Task,當(dāng)該對(duì)象運(yùn)行完畢,Task會(huì)將打包的協(xié)程恢復(fù)運(yùn)行
Future
Task的父類,一個(gè)比較底層的對(duì)象,用于支持底層回調(diào)式代碼與高層異步/等待式代碼交互,它有一些方法,例如result(),set_result(),done(),cancelled(),cancel()等,但是一般不會(huì)使用Future對(duì)象,如果要使用也是在Task對(duì)象使用
enture_future()和create_task()
一般的使用就是傳入一個(gè)協(xié)程對(duì)象,然后打包成一個(gè)task對(duì)象后返回,但是enture_future()還有別的用法,下面是python作者相關(guān)的討論

大概的翻譯如下:
- 如果有個(gè)可能是協(xié)程或者future或者task的對(duì)象,你希望能對(duì)它使用僅在Future類中定義過的方法(這里或許唯一能舉出的有用的函數(shù)的例子就是cancel()),就對(duì)它使用entrue_future。這個(gè)函數(shù)會(huì)在當(dāng)傳入的對(duì)象已經(jīng)是一個(gè)Future或者Task,就啥也不干,原封不動(dòng)返回它,當(dāng)它是一個(gè)協(xié)程則把他打包成一個(gè)Task并返回。
- 現(xiàn)版本來說(python3.7)如果你就是想把一個(gè)協(xié)程注冊(cè)入事件循環(huán)運(yùn)行,那就該用create_task(),如果是想提供一個(gè)底層些的API(類似asyncio自帶的api)時(shí)候要用到Future對(duì)象,那就用enture_future()
asyncio.wait_for()
- wait_for會(huì)檢查傳進(jìn)去的對(duì)象,如果是協(xié)程則會(huì)打包成task
- 等待可等待對(duì)象完成,并可以設(shè)置超時(shí)
- 這里涉及到一個(gè)取消task/future的概念,也就是之前提到的future.cancel(),如果超時(shí)則把future取消
import asyncio
async def wait_and_print(wait_time, name):
await asyncio.sleep(wait_time)
print(f'wait_time:{wait_time}, name:{name}')
async def run():
# 為了我們方便查看這個(gè)任務(wù)的后續(xù)狀態(tài),先打包成一個(gè)task_
task_ = asyncio.create_task(wait_and_print(1000, 'a'))
try:
await asyncio.wait_for(task_, timeout=3)
except asyncio.TimeoutError:
print('發(fā)現(xiàn)任務(wù)超時(shí),已被取消')
# 查看被取消后的狀態(tài)
print(task_)
print(task_.cancelled())
asyncio.run(run())結(jié)果輸出:
發(fā)現(xiàn)任務(wù)超時(shí),已被取消
<Task cancelled coro=<wait_and_print() done, defined at /Users/frostw/Documents/share_new/share/第二部分/2.py:4>>
True
asyncio.gather()
- 并發(fā)的運(yùn)行協(xié)程,或者task,并把他們的結(jié)果按照順序放在列表中返回
- gather會(huì)檢查傳進(jìn)去的對(duì)象,如果是協(xié)程則會(huì)打包成task
import asyncio
async def wait_and_print(wait_time, name):
await asyncio.sleep(wait_time)
print(f'wait_time:{wait_time}, name:{name}')
# 添加一個(gè)return
return f'wait_time:{wait_time}, name:{name}'
# loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
# # 會(huì)把三個(gè)協(xié)程打包成任務(wù)task加入循環(huán)
# gather_result = loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(wait_and_print(1, 'a'),
# wait_and_print(2, 'b'),
# wait_and_print(1, 'c')))
# print(gather_result)
async def wait_and_cancel_task(wait_time, task):
await asyncio.sleep(wait_time)
task.cancel()
print(f'{task} 被取消了')
return f'{task} 被取消了'
async def run():
# 封裝一個(gè)b_task
b_task = asyncio.create_task(wait_and_print(5, 'b'))
print(b_task)
gather_ = asyncio.gather(wait_and_print(1, 'a'),
b_task,
wait_and_print(3, 'c'),
# 在這里把他給取消了
wait_and_cancel_task(4, b_task), return_exceptions=True)
print(await gather_)
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(run())結(jié)果輸出:
<Task pending coro=<wait_and_print() running at /Users/frostw/Documents/share_new/share/第二部分/3.py:4>>
wait_time:1, name:a
wait_time:3, name:c
<Task pending coro=<wait_and_print() running at /Users/frostw/Documents/share_new/share/第二部分/3.py:5> wait_for=<Future cancelled> cb=[gather.<locals>._done_callback() at /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/asyncio/tasks.py:691]> 被取消了
['wait_time:1, name:a', CancelledError(), 'wait_time:3, name:c', '<Task pending coro=<wait_and_print() running at /Users/frostw/Documents/share_new/share/第二部分/3.py:5> wait_for=<Future cancelled> cb=[gather.<locals>._done_callback() at /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/asyncio/tasks.py:691]> 被取消了']
- 協(xié)程并不一定按順序執(zhí)行,但結(jié)果是按順序返回
- 關(guān)于被取消:
- return_exceptions 參數(shù)為False(默認(rèn)):所有協(xié)程任務(wù)所引發(fā)的首個(gè)異常會(huì)立刻作為gather的結(jié)果返回,但其他任務(wù)不會(huì)被取消
- return_exceptions 參數(shù)為True:所有協(xié)程任務(wù)所引發(fā)的異常不會(huì)立刻返回,會(huì)聚合在列表中當(dāng)作普通結(jié)果返回
- 如果gather本身被取消,那它所有的協(xié)程任務(wù)都會(huì)被取消
結(jié)合例子討論loop的調(diào)度過程
官網(wǎng)示例1
import asyncio
async def compute(x, y):
print("Compute %s + %s ..." % (x, y))
await asyncio.sleep(1.0)
return x + y
async def print_sum(x, y):
result = await compute(x, y)
print("%s + %s = %s" % (x, y, result))
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(print_sum(1, 2))
loop.close()示例2
import asyncio
async def wait_and_print(wait_time, name):
await asyncio.sleep(wait_time)
print(f'wait_time:{wait_time}, name:{name}')
async def run():
asyncio.create_task(wait_and_print(1, 'a'))
await wait_and_print(1, 'b')
if __name__ == '__main__':
asyncio.run(run())
# 原因:create_task會(huì)把任務(wù)自動(dòng)安排到下一輪事件循環(huán)結(jié)果輸出:
wait_time:1, name:b
wait_time:1, name:a
示例3
import asyncio
async def wait_and_print(wait_time, name):
await asyncio.sleep(wait_time)
print(f'wait_time:{wait_time}, name:{name}')
async def run():
asyncio.create_task(wait_and_print(1, 'a'))
await asyncio.sleep(0)
await wait_and_print(1, 'b')
if __name__ == '__main__':
asyncio.run(run())
# 原因:await asyncio.sleep(0)會(huì)使得task將控制權(quán)交還給loop進(jìn)行下一個(gè)任務(wù)結(jié)果輸出:
wait_time:1, name:a
wait_time:1, name:b
示例4
import asyncio
async def wait_and_print(wait_times, name):
await asyncio.sleep(wait_times)
print(f'wait_times:{wait_times} name:{name}')
async def run():
asyncio.ensure_future(asyncio.ensure_future(wait_and_print(1, 'f')))
asyncio.ensure_future(wait_and_print(1, 'b'))
asyncio.ensure_future(asyncio.gather(wait_and_print(1, 'd')))
asyncio.create_task(wait_and_print(1, 'a'))
await wait_and_print(1, 'c')
asyncio.ensure_future(asyncio.gather(wait_and_print(2, 'g'), wait_and_print(0, 'h')))
await wait_and_print(1, 'e')
# c>f>b>d>a>h>e>
if __name__ == '__main__':
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(run())wait_times:1 name:c
wait_times:1 name:f
wait_times:1 name:b
wait_times:1 name:d
wait_times:1 name:a
wait_times:0 name:h
wait_times:1 name:e
基于Asyncio的發(fā)布訂閱程序
import asyncio
import random
async def mama(zhuo_zi):
while True:
zheng_bao_zi = random.randint(1, 10)
await asyncio.sleep(zheng_bao_zi)
pan_zi = random.randint(1, 10)
[await zhuo_zi.put(bao_zi) for bao_zi in range(pan_zi)]
print(f'媽媽花了{(lán)zheng_bao_zi}秒,上桌了{(lán)pan_zi}個(gè)包子')
print(f'現(xiàn)在桌子上的包子總數(shù):{zhuo_zi.qsize()}')
async def xiao_ming(zhuo_zi):
while True:
if zhuo_zi.qsize() == 0:
print(f'小明發(fā)現(xiàn)沒包子了,等一會(huì)')
await asyncio.sleep(1)
else:
await zhuo_zi.get()
chi_bao_zi = random.randint(1, 3)
await asyncio.sleep(chi_bao_zi)
print(f'小明花了{(lán)chi_bao_zi}秒吃了個(gè)包子')
async def run(mama_number, xiao_ming_number):
zhuo_zi = asyncio.Queue()
mama_tasks = [asyncio.create_task(mama(zhuo_zi)) for number in range(mama_number)]
xiao_ming_tasks = [asyncio.create_task(xiao_ming(zhuo_zi)) for number in range(xiao_ming_number)]
return mama_tasks, xiao_ming_tasks
if __name__ == '__main__':
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
mama_tasks, xiao_ming_tasks = loop.run_until_complete(run(mama_number=3, xiao_ming_number=8))
loop.run_forever()簡(jiǎn)易的通過協(xié)程池發(fā)送請(qǐng)求的爬蟲
import asyncio
import logging
import time
import json
log = logging
def parsed_response(response):
"""
解析 response
:param : response byte
:return: status_code int
headers dict
str body
"""
r = response.decode()
header, body = r.split('\r\n\r\n', 1)
h = header.split('\r\n')
status_code = int(h[0].split()[1])
headers = {}
for line in h[1:]:
k, v = line.split(': ')
headers[k] = v
return status_code, headers, body
def parse_url(url):
"""
對(duì) url 進(jìn)行字符串拆分
:param url: http://httpbin.org/headers
:return: (protocol, host, port, path)
"""
# 檢查協(xié)議
protocol = 'http'
if url[:7] == 'http://':
u = url.split('://')[1]
elif url[:8] == 'https://':
protocol = 'https'
u = url.split('://')[1]
else:
u = url
# https://g.cn:1234/hello
# g.cn:1234/hello
# 檢查默認(rèn) path
i = u.find('/')
if i == -1:
host = u
path = '/'
else:
host = u[:i]
path = u[i:]
# 檢查端口
port_dict = {
'http': 80,
'https': 443,
}
# 默認(rèn)端口
port = port_dict[protocol]
if ':' in host:
h = host.split(':')
host = h[0]
port = int(h[1])
return protocol, host, port, path
def save_response(queue, save_name='data'):
"""
將一個(gè)隊(duì)列里的數(shù)據(jù)保存到j(luò)son文本
:param queue: asyncio.Queue
:param save_name: str json文本的name
:return:
"""
data = []
for i in range(queue.qsize()):
status_code, headers, body = queue.get_nowait()
save_dict = dict(id=i,
status_code=status_code,
headers=headers,
body=body)
data.append(save_dict)
s = json.dumps(data, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False)
with open(save_name, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
f.write(s)
async def connect(host, port, path='headers', tls=False):
"""
:param host: str: httpbin.org
:param port: int: 80/443
:param tls: bool
:param path: str: headers/
:return: response content (bytes)
"""
log.debug(f'connect to {host}:{port}, tls:{tls}')
if tls is True:
protocol = 'https'
reader, writer = await asyncio.open_connection(
host,
port,
ssl=True)
else:
protocol = 'http'
reader, writer = await asyncio.open_connection(
host,
port)
log.debug(f'{host}:{port}, tls:{tls} connected')
request = f'GET {protocol}://{host}:{port}/{path} HTTP/1.1\r\nHost:{host}\r\n\r\n'
# 由于設(shè)置了timeout, 在以下操作任意階段皆有可能超時(shí)導(dǎo)致協(xié)程任務(wù)被丟棄
# 所以必須添加finally字段用來正確關(guān)閉連接
try:
log.debug(f'request send--{request}')
writer.write(request.encode('utf-8'))
await writer.drain()
log.debug(f'request send done--{request}')
log.debug(f'response recv start')
response = b''
# 接收response
while True:
line = await reader.readline()
response += line
if line == b'}\n':
break
log.debug(f'response recv done')
log.debug(f'close connect')
writer.close()
return response
finally:
writer.close()
async def http_request(url):
"""
返回請(qǐng)求后的狀態(tài)碼,頁面內(nèi)容
:param url: http://httpbin.org/headers
:return: state_code, header, body
"""
protocol, host, port, path = parse_url(url)
if port == 443:
response = await connect(host, port, tls=True)
else:
response = await connect(host, port, tls=False)
status_code, headers, body = parsed_response(response)
return status_code, headers, body
async def create_one_coroutine(url_queue, coros_queue, response_queue, task_timeout=1):
"""
:param url_queue:
:param coros_queue:
:param response_queue:
:param task_timeout:
:return:
"""
# 用當(dāng)前協(xié)程池隊(duì)列大小給予協(xié)程id
thread_id = coros_queue.qsize()
log.info(f'添加一個(gè)協(xié)程{thread_id}')
# 將協(xié)程放入?yún)f(xié)程池隊(duì)列
await coros_queue.put(thread_id)
while True:
# 如果urls任務(wù)隊(duì)列空了,則從協(xié)程池隊(duì)列中去掉一個(gè)協(xié)程
if url_queue.empty() is True:
await coros_queue.get()
log.info(f'協(xié)程{thread_id}關(guān)閉')
break
url = await url_queue.get()
log.info(f'協(xié)程{thread_id}從隊(duì)列中拿取一個(gè)url, 還剩{url_queue.qsize()}個(gè)url')
try:
# 將http_request(url)返回的response裝入response隊(duì)列中
await response_queue.put(
await asyncio.wait_for(http_request(url), timeout=task_timeout))
# asyncio.wait_for()超時(shí)會(huì)引發(fā)一個(gè)TimeoutError
except asyncio.TimeoutError:
log.info(f'協(xié)程{thread_id}請(qǐng)求超時(shí),丟棄這次請(qǐng)求')
else:
log.info(f'協(xié)程{thread_id}成功獲取一次響應(yīng)')
async def if_threads_done(threads_queue, response_queue):
"""
監(jiān)視urls協(xié)程的管理協(xié)程,
每1秒對(duì)urls協(xié)程隊(duì)列進(jìn)行一次判定,
如果urls協(xié)程隊(duì)列已空則關(guān)閉loop
:param response_queue: asyncio.Queue
:param threads_queue: asyncio.Queue
:return:
"""
start_time = time.time()
while True:
# 每隔一秒檢查一次協(xié)程池隊(duì)列是否為空
await asyncio.sleep(1)
if threads_queue.empty() is True:
log.info(f'所有協(xié)程已經(jīng)關(guān)閉,關(guān)閉loop')
break
# 如果協(xié)程池隊(duì)列已經(jīng)沒有協(xié)程在運(yùn)行,則統(tǒng)計(jì)時(shí)間->保存responses->關(guān)閉loop
log.info(f'獲取成功的響應(yīng)數(shù)量:{response_queue.qsize()}')
save_response(response_queue, save_name='response.txt')
use_time = time.time() - start_time
log.info(f'總耗時(shí):{str(use_time)}')
log.info(f'響應(yīng)已存入response.txt')
loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
loop.stop()
async def run_with_pool(urls, threads=5, task_timeout=5):
"""
:param urls: list
:param threads: int
:param task_timeout: int
:return: loop
"""
# 創(chuàng)建一個(gè)url隊(duì)列,用于協(xié)程提取url
url_queue = asyncio.Queue()
# 創(chuàng)建一個(gè)coroutines隊(duì)列,用于管理協(xié)程
coros_queue = asyncio.Queue()
# 創(chuàng)建一個(gè)response隊(duì)列,用于保存response
response_queue = asyncio.Queue()
# 將urls列表加入隊(duì)列
[url_queue.put_nowait(url) for url in urls]
# 創(chuàng)建協(xié)程池
coros = [create_one_coroutine(url_queue, coros_queue, response_queue, task_timeout)
for i in range(0, threads)]
[asyncio.create_task(coro) for coro in coros]
# 創(chuàng)建一個(gè)監(jiān)視urls協(xié)程的管理協(xié)程, 每1秒對(duì)urls協(xié)程隊(duì)列進(jìn)行一次判定,如果urls協(xié)程隊(duì)列已空則關(guān)閉loop
asyncio.create_task(if_threads_done(coros_queue, response_queue))
def main():
tasks = [
'http://httpbin.org'
] * 50
tasks += [
'https://httpbin.org'
] * 50
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.create_task(run_with_pool(tasks, threads=15, task_timeout=3))
try:
loop.run_forever()
finally:
loop.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
main()到此這篇關(guān)于Python asyncio的基本使用的文章就介紹到這了,更多相關(guān)Python asyncio使用內(nèi)容請(qǐng)搜索腳本之家以前的文章或繼續(xù)瀏覽下面的相關(guān)文章希望大家以后多多支持腳本之家!
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