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Python繪圖系統(tǒng)之散點圖和條形圖的實現(xiàn)代碼

更新時間：2023年08月23日 11:01:47 作者：微小冷

這篇文章主要為大家詳細介紹了如何使用Python繪制散點圖和條形圖,文中的示例代碼講解詳細,對我們的學(xué)習(xí)或工作有一定的幫助,感興趣的可以了解一下

用combobox選擇圖表類型

matplotlib中提供了超多種類的圖表類型，基于此做一個繪圖系統(tǒng)，如果只能畫Plot那就太無聊了，接下來就豐富一些圖表類型。

為了實現(xiàn)這個功能，先添加一個ComboBox，以供選擇相應(yīng)的繪圖方法。這個功能在AxisFrame中已經(jīng)用到過了，首先需要初始化關(guān)聯(lián)Combobox的StringVar

def initDrawType(self):
    self.TYPES = ("點線圖", "散點圖", "條形圖")
    self.drawType = tk.StringVar()
    self.drawType.set("點線圖")

然后在初始化代碼中添加self.initDrawType，以及在setCtrlButtons函數(shù)中添加combobox組件，

def setCtrlButtons(self, frm):
    slct = ttk.Combobox(frm, width=10, 
        textvariable=self.drawType)
    slct['value'] = self.TYPES
    slct.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
    # 后面是設(shè)置畫圖按鈕的

設(shè)置完成后結(jié)果如下

在這里插入圖片描述

更改調(diào)用邏輯

點線圖，就是常見的plot，咱們一直畫的就是這個。但現(xiàn)在有了圖表類型選擇工具，所以其調(diào)用邏輯還是要更改一下，其實只是添加一個用于判斷的函數(shù)就可以了。

def btnDrawImg(self):
    drawDct = {
        "點線圖" : self.drawPlot,
        "散點圖" : self.drawScatter,
        "條形圖" : self.drawBar
    }
    draw = drawDct[self.drawType.get()]
    self.fig.clf()
    ds = [self.readDatas(al) for al in self.als]
    draw(ds)
    self.fig.subplots_adjust(left=0.1, right=0.95, top=0.95, bottom=0.08)
    self.canvas.draw()
def drawScatter(self, ds):
    pass
def drawBar(self, ds):
    pass

其中drawDct是一個函數(shù)字典，draw則根據(jù)繪圖類型選擇繪圖函數(shù)，后面的代碼和之前沒有區(qū)別，這就是函數(shù)式語言在效率上的優(yōu)勢。

接下來看看散點圖scatter和條形圖bar。

散點圖

scatter的繪圖邏輯與plot如出一轍，都是需要x坐標(biāo)和y坐標(biāo)

def drawScatter(self, ds):
    keys = 'xyz' if 'z' in ds[0] else 'xy'
    p = '3d' if 'z' in ds[0] else None
    ax = self.fig.add_subplot(projection='3d')
    for data in ds:
        ax.scatter(*[data[key] for key in keys])

效果如下

在這里插入圖片描述

條形圖

考慮到三維條形圖繪制上比較復(fù)雜，所以這里先演示一下二維條形圖。

def drawBar(self, ds):
    ax = self.fig.add_subplot()
    data = ds[0]
    ax.bar(data['x'], data['y'])

效果如下

在這里插入圖片描述

源代碼

下面是整個工程的源代碼，大約200行左右。本篇博客是Python繪圖系統(tǒng)的第8篇，爭取短期內(nèi)盡量維持一個比較少的代碼行數(shù)，以便附在文末。

import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.ttk as ttk
from tkinter.filedialog import askopenfilename
import matplotlib as mpl
mpl.use('TkAgg')
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.backends.backend_tkagg import (
    FigureCanvasTkAgg, NavigationToolbar2Tk)
from matplotlib.figure import Figure
import numpy as np
class AxisFrame(ttk.Frame):
    # widths 是每個控件的寬度
    def __init__(self, master, label, mode, widths, **options):
        super().__init__(master, **options)
        self.pack()
        self.label = label
        self.initVar(mode)
        self.initWidgets(widths)
    def initVar(self, mode):
        self.MODES = ("序列化", "源代碼", "外部導(dǎo)入", "無數(shù)據(jù)")
        self.mode = tk.StringVar()
        self.setMode(mode)
    def initWidgets(self, widths):
        tk.Label(self, text=self.label, width=widths[0]).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        self.slct = ttk.Combobox(self, width=widths[1], textvariable=self.mode)
        self.slct['value'] = self.MODES
        self.slct.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        self.entry = tk.Entry(self, width=widths[2])
        self.entry.pack(padx=5, side=tk.LEFT, fill=tk.X)
    def setText(self, text):
        self.entry.delete(0, "end")
        self.entry.insert(0, text)
    def get(self):
        return self.entry.get()
    def setMode(self, mode):
        if type(mode) != str:
            mode = self.MODES[mode]
        self.mode.set(mode)
    def setData(self, data=None, **txyz):
        if self.mode.get() == "序列化":
            return self.getArray()
        elif self.mode.get() == "外部導(dǎo)入":
            return self.loadData(data)
        else:
            return self.readPython(**txyz)
    def readPython(self, t=None, x=None, y=None, z=None):
        self.data = eval(self.get())
        return self.data
    def loadData(self, data):
        if type(data) != type(None):
            self.data = data
        return self.data
    def getArray(self):
        val = self.get()
        self.data = eval(f"np.linspace({val})")
        return self.data
class AxisList(ttk.Frame):
    def __init__(self, master, title, mode, widths, **options):
        super().__init__(master, **options)
        self.pack()
        self.afs = {}
        self.data = {}
        self.initWidgets(title, widths)
        self.initAxis(mode, widths)
    def initWidgets(self, title, widths):
        self.btn = ttk.Button(self, text=title, width=sum(widths)+5,
            command=self.Click)
        self.btn.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X, expand=tk.YES)
        self._c = ttk.Frame(self)
        self.collapsed = True
        self.Click()
        self.initFeature()
    def initAxis(self, mode, widths):
        for flag in 'txyz':
            self.afs[flag] = AxisFrame(self._c, flag, mode, widths)
            self.afs[flag].pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
    def initFeature(self):
        frm = ttk.Frame(self._c)
        frm.pack(pady=2, side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
        ttk.Button(frm, text="加載",width=5,
            command=self.btnLoadData).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        self.vis = {L : True for L in 'txyz'}
        for flag in 'txyz':
            btn = ttk.Button(frm, text=flag, width=3)
            btn.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
            btn.bind("<Button-1>", self.btnAxisCollapse)
    def btnAxisCollapse(self, evt):
        flag = evt.widget['text']
        self.vis[flag] = not self.vis[flag]
        for flag in 'txyz':
            self.afs[flag].pack_forget()
        for flag in 'txyz':
            if self.vis[flag]:
                self.afs[flag].pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
    def btnLoadData(self):
        name = askopenfilename()
        data = np.genfromtxt(name)
        for i, flag in enumerate('xyz'):
            if i >= data.shape[1]:
                return
            self.setOneMode(flag, "外部導(dǎo)入")
            self.data[flag] = self.setData(flag, data[:,i])
    def Click(self):
        if self.collapsed:
            self._c.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.BOTH, expand=tk.YES)            
        else:
            self._c.pack_forget()
        self.collapsed = not self.collapsed
    def setData(self, flag, data=None, **options):
        return self.afs[flag].setData(data, **options)
    def setOneMode(self, flag, mode):
        self.afs[flag].setMode(mode)
class DarwSystem():
    def __init__(self):
        self.root = tk.Tk()
        self.root.title("數(shù)據(jù)展示工具")
        self.data = {}
        self.als = []
        self.initDrawType()
        self.setFrmCtrl()
        frmFig = ttk.Frame(self.root)
        frmFig.pack(side=tk.LEFT,fill=tk.BOTH,expand=tk.YES)
        self.setFrmFig(frmFig)
        self.root.mainloop()
    def setFrmCtrl(self):
        frmCtrl = ttk.Frame(self.root,width=320)
        frmCtrl.pack(side=tk.RIGHT, fill=tk.Y)
        frm = ttk.Frame(frmCtrl, width=320)
        frm.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
        self.setCtrlButtons(frm)
        self.frmAxis = ttk.Frame(frmCtrl)
        self.frmAxis.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
        self.addLast(None)
    def initDrawType(self):
        self.TYPES = ("點線圖", "散點圖", "條形圖")
        self.drawType = tk.StringVar()
        self.drawType.set("點線圖")
    # ! 工具欄
    def setCtrlButtons(self, frm):
        slct = ttk.Combobox(frm, width=10, 
            textvariable=self.drawType)
        slct['value'] = self.TYPES
        slct.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        ttk.Button(frm, text="繪圖",width=5,
            command=self.btnDrawImg).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        ttk.Button(frm, text="加載",width=5,
            command=self.btnLoadData).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        btn = ttk.Button(frm, text="新增", width=5)
        btn.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        btn.bind("<Button-1>", self.addLast)
        btn = ttk.Button(frm, text="刪除", width=5)
        btn.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        btn.bind("<Button-1>", self.deleteLast)
    def addLast(self, evt):
        title = f"坐標(biāo){len(self.als)}"
        al = AxisList(self.frmAxis, title, 1, [5,10,20])
        al.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
        self.als.append(al)
    def deleteLast(self, evt):
        self.als[-1].pack_forget()
        del self.als[-1]
    def btnLoadData(self):
        name = askopenfilename()
        data = np.genfromtxt(name)
        for i, flag in enumerate('xyz'):
            if i >= data.shape[1]:
                return
            self.AL.setOneMode(flag, "外部導(dǎo)入")
            self.data[flag] = self.AL.setData(flag, data[:,i])
    def readDatas(self, al):
        dct = {}
        data = {}
        for flag in 'xyz':
            data[flag] = al.setData(flag, **dct)
            dct[flag] = data[flag]
        return data
    def btnDrawImg(self):
        drawDct = {
            "點線圖" : self.drawPlot,
            "散點圖" : self.drawScatter,
            "條形圖" : self.drawBar
        }
        draw = drawDct[self.drawType.get()]
        self.fig.clf()
        ds = [self.readDatas(al) for al in self.als]
        draw(ds)
        self.fig.subplots_adjust(left=0.1, right=0.95, top=0.95, bottom=0.08)
        self.canvas.draw()
    def drawScatter(self, ds):
        pass
    def drawBar(self, ds):
        ax = self.fig.add_subplot()
        data = ds[0]
        ax.bar(data['x'], data['y'])
    def drawPlot(self, ds):
        keys = 'xyz' if 'z' in ds[0] else 'xy'
        p = '3d' if 'z' in ds[0] else None
        ax = self.fig.add_subplot(projection='3d')
        for data in ds:
            ax.plot(*[data[key] for key in keys])
    def drawScatter(self, ds):
        keys = 'xyz' if 'z' in ds[0] else 'xy'
        p = '3d' if 'z' in ds[0] else None
        ax = self.fig.add_subplot(projection='3d')
        for data in ds:
            ax.scatter(*[data[key] for key in keys])
    def setFrmFig(self, frmFig):
        self.fig = Figure()
        self.canvas = FigureCanvasTkAgg(self.fig,frmFig)
        self.canvas.get_tk_widget().pack(
            side=tk.TOP,fill=tk.BOTH,expand=tk.YES)
        self.toolbar = NavigationToolbar2Tk(self.canvas,frmFig,
            pack_toolbar=False)
        self.toolbar.update()
        self.toolbar.pack(side=tk.RIGHT)
if __name__ == "__main__":
    test = DarwSystem()
```

以上就是Python繪圖系統(tǒng)之散點圖和條形圖的實現(xiàn)代碼的詳細內(nèi)容，更多關(guān)于Python散點圖和條形圖的資料請關(guān)注腳本之家其它相關(guān)文章！

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