SpringBoot中啟用和測(cè)試HTTP/2的幾種方法

更新時(shí)間：2025年10月22日 09:16:15 作者：學(xué)亮編程手記

HTTP/2即超文本傳輸協(xié)議第二版,使用于萬(wàn)維網(wǎng),HTTP/2主要基于SPDY協(xié)議,通過(guò)對(duì)HTTP頭字段進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)壓縮、對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)傳輸采用多路復(fù)用和增加服務(wù)端推送等舉措,本文給大家介紹了SpringBoot中啟用和測(cè)試HTTP/2的幾種方法,需要的朋友可以參考下

前置條件

在開(kāi)始之前，需要注意：

JDK 版本：需要 JDK 9+（推薦 JDK 11 或 17）
SSL 證書(shū)：HTTP/2 在瀏覽器中需要 HTTPS，所以需要 SSL 證書(shū)

方法一：使用內(nèi)置 Undertow 服務(wù)器（推薦）

Undertow 原生支持 HTTP/2，配置簡(jiǎn)單，性能優(yōu)秀。

1. 添加依賴(lài)

<!-- pom.xml -->
<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        <exclusions>
            <!-- 排除默認(rèn)的 Tomcat -->
            <exclusion>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId>
            </exclusion>
        </exclusions>
    </dependency>
    
    <!-- 使用 Undertow 作為服務(wù)器 -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-undertow</artifactId>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

2. 生成 SSL 證書(shū)

首先創(chuàng)建一個(gè)自簽名證書(shū)（用于測(cè)試）：

# 在項(xiàng)目根目錄執(zhí)行
keytool -genkey -alias spring-boot-http2 -storetype PKCS12 -keyalg RSA -keysize 2048 -keystore keystore.p12 -validity 3650

# 輸入信息（測(cè)試時(shí)都可以用默認(rèn)值）：
# 密碼：password
# 姓名：localhost

3. 配置 application.yml

# application.yml
server:
  port: 8443
  ssl:
    key-store: classpath:keystore.p12
    key-store-password: password
    key-store-type: PKCS12
    key-alias: spring-boot-http2
  # HTTP/2 配置
  http2:
    enabled: true
  # Undertow 特定配置
  undertow:
    threads:
      worker: 64
      io: 4

4. 創(chuàng)建測(cè)試 Controller

// Http2DemoController.java
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.stream.LongStream;

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api")
public class Http2DemoController {
    
    // 普通接口
    @GetMapping("/hello")
    public Map<String, String> hello() {
        return Map.of(
            "message", "Hello HTTP/2!",
            "timestamp", new Date().toString(),
            "protocol", "HTTP/2 with Undertow"
        );
    }
    
    // 模擬大量數(shù)據(jù)返回，展示 HTTP/2 的多路復(fù)用優(yōu)勢(shì)
    @GetMapping("/large-data")
    public Map<String, Object> getLargeData() {
        List<Map<String, Object>> data = new ArrayList<>();
        
        for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
            data.add(Map.of(
                "id", i,
                "name", "Item " + i,
                "value", Math.random() * 1000,
                "timestamp", System.currentTimeMillis() + i
            ));
        }
        
        return Map.of(
            "items", data,
            "total", data.size(),
            "server", "Undertow with HTTP/2"
        );
    }
    
    // 計(jì)算密集型任務(wù)
    @GetMapping("/calculate")
    public Map<String, Object> calculate() {
        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        
        // 模擬計(jì)算任務(wù)
        long sum = LongStream.range(0, 10_000_000)
                .parallel()
                .sum();
        
        long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        
        return Map.of(
            "result", sum,
            "calculationTime", endTime - startTime + "ms",
            "protocol", "HTTP/2"
        );
    }
}

5. 創(chuàng)建主應(yīng)用類(lèi)

// SpringBootHttp2Application.java
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.web.embedded.undertow.UndertowServletWebServerFactory;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import io.undertow.UndertowOptions;

@SpringBootApplication
public class SpringBootHttp2Application {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(SpringBootHttp2Application.class, args);
    }
    
    @Bean
    public UndertowServletWebServerFactory undertowServletWebServerFactory() {
        UndertowServletWebServerFactory factory = new UndertowServletWebServerFactory();
        
        factory.addBuilderCustomizers(builder -> {
            // 啟用 HTTP/2
            builder.setServerOption(UndertowOptions.ENABLE_HTTP2, true);
            // 其他優(yōu)化配置
            builder.setServerOption(UndertowOptions.ALWAYS_SET_KEEP_ALIVE, false);
            builder.setServerOption(UndertowOptions.ALWAYS_SET_DATE, true);
        });
        
        return factory;
    }
}

方法二：使用 Tomcat（需要 ALPN）

Tomcat 9+ 也支持 HTTP/2，但配置稍復(fù)雜。

1. 依賴(lài)配置（使用 Tomcat）

<!-- pom.xml -->
<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    
    <!-- 對(duì)于 JDK 9+，需要包含 tomcat-embed-core -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.apache.tomcat.embed</groupId>
        <artifactId>tomcat-embed-core</artifactId>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

2. Tomcat 配置

# application.yml
server:
  port: 8443
  ssl:
    key-store: classpath:keystore.p12
    key-store-password: password
    key-store-type: PKCS12
    key-alias: spring-boot-http2
  http2:
    enabled: true
  # Tomcat 特定配置
  tomcat:
    max-threads: 200
    min-spare-threads: 10

測(cè)試 HTTP/2

1. 啟動(dòng)應(yīng)用

啟動(dòng) Spring Boot 應(yīng)用后，你應(yīng)該看到類(lèi)似日志：

Tomcat started on port(s): 8443 (https) with context path ''
// 或
Undertow started on port(s): 8443 (https) with context path ''

2. 使用 curl 測(cè)試

# 測(cè)試 HTTP/2
curl -k -I --http2 https://localhost:8443/api/hello

# 正常請(qǐng)求
curl -k --http2 https://localhost:8443/api/hello

3. 瀏覽器測(cè)試

訪(fǎng)問(wèn) https://localhost:8443/api/hello
由于是自簽名證書(shū)，瀏覽器會(huì)顯示不安全警告，選擇"繼續(xù)前往"
打開(kāi)開(kāi)發(fā)者工具 → Network 標(biāo)簽
刷新頁(yè)面，在 Protocol 列應(yīng)該看到 h2（HTTP/2）

4. 創(chuàng)建測(cè)試頁(yè)面展示多路復(fù)用優(yōu)勢(shì)

// 添加這個(gè) Controller 來(lái)演示多請(qǐng)求并發(fā)
@Controller
class DemoPageController {
    
    @GetMapping("/")
    public String index() {
        return "index";
    }
}

在 src/main/resources/templates/index.html：

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>HTTP/2 Demo</title>
    <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>Spring Boot HTTP/2 演示</h1>
    
    <button onclick="testSequential()">順序請(qǐng)求測(cè)試 (模擬 HTTP/1.1)</button>
    <button onclick="testParallel()">并行請(qǐng)求測(cè)試 (HTTP/2 多路復(fù)用)</button>
    
    <div id="result"></div>
    
    <script>
        async function testSequential() {
            const start = Date.now();
            const result = $('#result');
            result.html('測(cè)試中...');
            
            // 順序請(qǐng)求
            for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
                await fetch('/api/calculate')
                    .then(r => r.json());
            }
            
            const duration = Date.now() - start;
            result.html(`順序請(qǐng)求完成: ${duration}ms`);
        }
        
        function testParallel() {
            const start = Date.now();
            const result = $('#result');
            result.html('測(cè)試中...');
            
            // 并行請(qǐng)求
            const promises = [];
            for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
                promises.push(fetch('/api/calculate').then(r => r.json()));
            }
            
            Promise.all(promises).then(() => {
                const duration = Date.now() - start;
                result.html(`并行請(qǐng)求完成: ${duration}ms (HTTP/2 多路復(fù)用優(yōu)勢(shì))`);
            });
        }
    </script>
</body>
</html>

完整配置示例（生產(chǎn)建議）

對(duì)于生產(chǎn)環(huán)境，建議使用如下配置：

# application-prod.yml
server:
  port: 443
  ssl:
    key-store: /etc/ssl/certs/keystore.p12
    key-store-password: ${KEYSTORE_PASSWORD}
    key-store-type: PKCS12
    key-alias: my-production-cert
  http2:
    enabled: true
  compression:
    enabled: true
    mime-types: text/html,text/xml,text/plain,text/css,text/javascript,application/javascript,application/json
    min-response-size: 1024
  servlet:
    session:
      timeout: 30m

# Undertow 生產(chǎn)配置
undertow:
  threads:
    worker: 100  # 根據(jù) CPU 核心數(shù)調(diào)整
    io: 8        # 通常為核心數(shù)

# 日志配置
logging:
  level:
    org.springframework: INFO
    io.undertow: WARN