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Spring?IoC容器與Bean管理項(xiàng)目實(shí)踐指南

 更新時(shí)間：2025年08月08日 09:44:36   作者：_碼農(nóng)12138  
IoC容器的主要作用是解決組件之間的耦合問題,通過將組件之間的依賴關(guān)系交給IoC容器來管理,可以在不改變組件的代碼的情況下實(shí)現(xiàn)組件之間的解耦,這篇文章主要介紹了Spring?IoC容器與Bean管理項(xiàng)目的相關(guān)資料,需要的朋友可以參考下

代碼結(jié)構(gòu)

spring01/
├── pom.xml
├── spring01.iml
└── src/
    ├── main/
    │   ├── java/
    │   │   └── com/
    │   │       └── demo/
    │   │           ├── bean/
    │   │           │   ├── Demo.java
    │   │           │   ├── Emp1.java
    │   │           │   ├── Emp2.java
    │   │           │   └── User.java
    │   │           ├── dao/
    │   │           │   ├── UserDao.java
    │   │           │   └── impl/
    │   │           │       ├── MysqlUserDaoImpl.java
    │   │           │       └── OracleUserDaoImpl.java
    │   │           ├── factory/
    │   │           │   ├── Emp1Factory.java
    │   │           │   ├── Emp2Factory.java
    │   │           │   └── UserDaoFactory.java
    │   │           ├── service/
    │   │           │   ├── UserService.java
    │   │           │   └── impl/
    │   │           │       └── UserServiceImpl.java
    │   │           └── test/
    │   │               └── UserTest.java
    │   └── resources/
    │       ├── UserDao.properties
    │       ├── applicationContext-實(shí)例工廠創(chuàng)建Bean.xml
    │       ├── applicationContext-普通構(gòu)建方法創(chuàng)建Bean.xml
    │       ├── applicationContext-靜態(tài)工廠創(chuàng)建Bean.xml
    │       ├── applicationContext.xml
    │       └── logback.xml
    └── test/
		└── java/
		    └── com/
		        └── demo/
		            ├── LoggerTest.java
		            ├── TestDemo.java
		            └── UserTest.java

該項(xiàng)目是一個(gè)Spring框架練習(xí)項(xiàng)目，主要圍繞以下核心目標(biāo)進(jìn)行實(shí)踐：

一、核心技術(shù)練習(xí)

  1. Spring IoC容器與Bean管理

    • 實(shí)現(xiàn)了多種Bean創(chuàng)建方式（普通構(gòu)造方法、靜態(tài)工廠、實(shí)例工廠）
    • 對(duì)應(yīng)配置文件：applicationContext-*.xml系列文件

  2. 設(shè)計(jì)模式應(yīng)用

    • 工廠模式：通過Emp1Factory、Emp2Factory等類實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)象創(chuàng)建封裝
    • 接口編程：UserDao接口+Mysql/Oracle多實(shí)現(xiàn)類

  3. 分層架構(gòu)實(shí)踐

    com.demo
├── bean      // 數(shù)據(jù)模型層（User.java等實(shí)體類）
├── dao       // 數(shù)據(jù)訪問層（數(shù)據(jù)庫操作接口及實(shí)現(xiàn)）
├── service   // 業(yè)務(wù)邏輯層（服務(wù)接口及實(shí)現(xiàn)）
└── factory   // 對(duì)象工廠層（創(chuàng)建Bean的工廠類）

二、功能模塊說明

  • 數(shù)據(jù)訪問：通過UserDao及實(shí)現(xiàn)類操作數(shù)據(jù)庫，支持多數(shù)據(jù)庫類型（MySQL/Oracle）
  • 依賴注入：使用Spring容器管理對(duì)象依賴關(guān)系
  • 日志系統(tǒng)：集成logback日志框架（logback.xml配置）
  • 配置管理：通過UserDao.properties實(shí)現(xiàn)配置外部化

三、測試覆蓋

  • 單元測試：LoggerTest（日志測試）、UserTest（用戶功能測試）等測試類
  • 測試規(guī)范：遵循與主代碼相同的包結(jié)構(gòu)，確保測試代碼可維護(hù)性

四、項(xiàng)目特點(diǎn)

  • 性質(zhì)：通過多種配置文件和工廠類展示不同實(shí)現(xiàn)方式
  • 結(jié)構(gòu)清晰：嚴(yán)格遵循Maven項(xiàng)目規(guī)范和分層架構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
  • 可擴(kuò)展性：通過接口和工廠模式預(yù)留功能擴(kuò)展點(diǎn)

該項(xiàng)目適合初學(xué)者理解Spring核心概念、設(shè)計(jì)模式應(yīng)用及企業(yè)級(jí)項(xiàng)目分層架構(gòu)思想。

實(shí)體類 bean

package com.demo.bean;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Properties;
import java.util.Set;

public class Demo {
    private List<String> list;
    private Set<String> set;
    private Map<String,String> map;
    private Properties properties;

    public List<String> getList() {
        return list;
    }

    public void setList(List<String> list) {
        this.list = list;
    }

    public Set<String> getSet() {
        return set;
    }

    public void setSet(Set<String> set) {
        this.set = set;
    }

    public Map<String, String> getMap() {
        return map;
    }

    public void setMap(Map<String, String> map) {
        this.map = map;
    }

    public Properties getProperties() {
        return properties;
    }

    public void setProperties(Properties properties) {
        this.properties = properties;
    }
}
package com.demo.bean;

public class Emp1 {
    public  void update1(){
        System.out.println("Emp1的update1（）方法被調(diào)用。。。  。。。");
    }
}
package com.demo.bean;

public class Emp2 {
    public  void update2(){
        System.out.println("Emp2的update2（）方法被調(diào)用。。。  。。。");
    }
}
package com.demo.bean;

public class User {
    private  Integer userId;
    private  String username;
    private  String password;

    public Integer getUserId() {
        return userId;
    }

    public void setUserId(Integer userId) {
        this.userId = userId;
    }

    public String getUsername() {
        return username;
    }

    public void setUsername(String username) {
        this.username = username;
    }

    public String getPassword() {
        return password;
    }

    public void setPassword(String password) {
        this.password = password;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "User{" +
                "userId=" + userId +
                ", username='" + username + '\'' +
                ", password='" + password + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

dao層

import com.demo.bean.User;

public interface UserDao {
    public  boolean updateUser(User user);
}

import com.demo.bean.User;
import com.demo.dao.UserDao;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

public class MysqlUserDaoImpl implements UserDao {
    @Override
    public boolean updateUser(User user) {
        Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MysqlUserDaoImpl.class);
        logger.info("Mysql正在進(jìn)行修改操作:updateUser();");
        return true;
    }
}

import com.demo.bean.User;
import com.demo.dao.UserDao;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

public class OracleUserDaoImpl implements UserDao {
    @Override
    public boolean updateUser(User user) {
        Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(OracleUserDaoImpl.class);
        logger.info("Oracle正在進(jìn)行修改操作:updateUser();");
        return true;
    }
}

簡單工廠模式

import com.demo.bean.Emp1;

public class Emp1Factory {
public static Emp1 getInstance(){
    return new Emp1();
}
}

package com.demo.factory;

import com.demo.bean.Emp2;

public class Emp2Factory {
    public Emp2 getInstance() {
        return new Emp2();
    }
}


package com.demo.factory;

import com.demo.dao.UserDao;

import java.io.InputStream;
import java.util.Properties;

public class UserDaoFactory {

    public  UserDao getInstance() {
        UserDao userDao = null;
        try {
            //讀取屬性文件
            Properties properties = new Properties();
            InputStream in = UserDaoFactory.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("UserDao.properties");
            properties.load(in);
            //通過key獲取全名字符串
            String userDaoFullName = properties.getProperty("userDao");
            //通過反射獲取類的實(shí)例對(duì)象
            userDao = (UserDao) Class.forName(userDaoFullName).newInstance();
        } catch (
                Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return userDao;
    }
}

service層

import com.demo.bean.User;

public interface UserService {
   public boolean updateUser(User user);
}

package com.demo.service.impl;

import com.demo.bean.User;
import com.demo.dao.UserDao;
import com.demo.factory.UserDaoFactory;
import com.demo.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

/**
 * 1.UserDao 的實(shí)現(xiàn)類不由UserServiceImpl來決定,而是由UserDaoFactory來決定<第一種>
 * 2.控制權(quán)從UserServiceImpl轉(zhuǎn)移到了UserDaoFactory,這就是控制反轉(zhuǎn)IOC/DI
 */
@Service
public class UserServiceImpl  implements UserService{
   /** 
   <第一種>
   UserDaoFactory userDaoFactory=new UserDaoFactory();
    UserDao userDao=userDaoFactory.getInstance();*/
    @Autowired
	private   UserDao userDao;
	
    public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) {
        this.userDao = userDao;
    }
    // private UserDao userDao=new UserDaoFactory.getInstance();//報(bào)錯(cuò)
   // private UserDao userDao=new MysqlUserDaoImpl();
   //private UserDao userDao=new OracleUserDaoImpl();

    @Override
    public boolean updateUser(User user) {
        return userDao.updateUser(user);
    }
}

測試

日志測試

import org.junit.Test;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

public class LoggerTest {
    @Test
    public void loggerTest() {
        //System.out.println(LoggerFactory.getLogger("hello"));

        Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(LoggerTest.class);

        //slf4j日志的級(jí)別
        logger.trace("trace");
        logger.debug("debug");
        logger.info("info");
        logger.warn("warn");
        logger.error("error");

        //拼接
        logger.info("Welcome to {} {} ", "www.51zxw.net", "go!");
    }

}

測試 applicationContext.xml 配置文件的配置

package com.demo;

import com.demo.bean.Demo;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;

import java.util.*;

public class TestDemo {
    Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(LoggerTest.class);

    @Test
    public void testDemo() {
        ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
        Demo demo = (Demo) context.getBean("demo");
        List<String> list = demo.getList();
        logger.info("list----------------------");
        for (String s : list) {
            logger.info(s);
        }
        logger.info("set----------------------");
        Set<String> set = demo.getSet();
        for (String s : set) {
            logger.info(s);
        }
        logger.info("map----------------------");
        Map<String, String> map = demo.getMap();
        Set<String> keySet = map.keySet();
        Iterator<String> iterator = keySet.iterator();
        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
            String key = iterator.next();
            String value = map.get(key);
            logger.info(key + "  " + value);
        }
        logger.info("properties----------------------");
        Properties properties = demo.getProperties();
        String userId = properties.getProperty("userId");
        String username = properties.getProperty("username");
        String password = properties.getProperty("password");
        logger.info(userId);
        logger.info(username);
        logger.info(password);
    }
}

測試其他集中配置文件管理Bean

package com.demo;

import com.demo.bean.Emp1;
import com.demo.bean.Emp2;
import com.demo.bean.User;
import com.demo.dao.UserDao;
import com.demo.service.UserService;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;

/**
 * 1.從SpringIOC容器工廠中獲取一個(gè)User對(duì)象
 * a。獲取工廠BeanFactory
 * b。getBean()返回對(duì)象
 * 2.ApplicationContext是BeanFactory的子接口（實(shí)際上也是工廠）
 */
public class UserTest {
    Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(LoggerTest.class);

    /**
     * 測試普通構(gòu)造方法創(chuàng)建的Bean
     */
    @Test
    public void userTest() {
        //獲取BeanFactory的子接口，它是用來獲得配置在SpringIOC容器的對(duì)象
        ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
        //從SpringIOC容器工廠中獲取一個(gè)User對(duì)象
        User user = (User) context.getBean("user");
        if (null != user) {
            logger.info(user.toString());
        }
    }

    /**
     * 測試普通構(gòu)造方法創(chuàng)建的Bean
     */
    @Test
    public void userDaoTest() {
        //獲取BeanFactory的子接口，它是用來獲得配置在SpringIOC容器的對(duì)象
        ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext-實(shí)例工廠創(chuàng)建Bean.xml");
        //從SpringIOC容器工廠中獲取一個(gè)User對(duì)象
        UserDao userDao = (UserDao) context.getBean("userDao");
        if (null != userDao) {
            userDao.updateUser(null);
        }
    }

    /**
     * 靜態(tài)工廠創(chuàng)建Bean
     */
    @Test
    public void emp1Test() {
        //獲取BeanFactory的子接口，它是用來獲得配置在SpringIOC容器的對(duì)象
        ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext-實(shí)例工廠創(chuàng)建Bean.xml");
        //從SpringIOC容器工廠中獲取一個(gè)User對(duì)象
        Emp1 emp1 = (Emp1) context.getBean("emp1");
        if (null != emp1) {
            emp1.update1();
        }
    }

    /**
     * 實(shí)例工廠創(chuàng)建Bean
     */
    @Test
    public void emp2Test() {
        //獲取BeanFactory的子接口，它是用來獲得配置在SpringIOC容器的對(duì)象
        ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext-實(shí)例工廠創(chuàng)建Bean.xml");
        //從SpringIOC容器工廠中獲取一個(gè)User對(duì)象
        Emp2 emp2 = (Emp2) context.getBean("emp2");
        if (null != emp2) {
            emp2.update2();
        }
    }

    @Test
    public void userServiceTest() {
        //獲取BeanFactory的子接口，它是用來獲得配置在SpringIOC容器的對(duì)象
        ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
        //從SpringIOC容器工廠中獲取一個(gè)User對(duì)象
        UserService userService = (UserService) context.getBean("userService");
        if (null != userService) {
            userService.updateUser(null);
        }
    }
}

測試第一種被UserDaoFactory來決定實(shí)現(xiàn)的方式

要解開注解，UserServiceImpl代碼改為

    UserDaoFactory userDaoFactory=new UserDaoFactory();
    UserDao userDao=userDaoFactory.getInstance();
//    @Autowired
//    private  UserDao userDao;
// 其余不變

package com.demo.test;

import com.demo.bean.User;
import com.demo.service.UserService;
import com.demo.service.impl.UserServiceImpl;

public class UserTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        UserService userService=new UserServiceImpl();
        User user=new User();
        userService.updateUser(user);
    }
}

配置文件

applicationContext.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
    <!--    創(chuàng)建對(duì)象-->
    <bean id="user" class="com.demo.bean.User">
        <!--  為對(duì)象注入屬性值   -->
        <property name="userId" value="1"></property>
        <property name="username" value="張三"></property>
        <property name="password" value="123456"></property>
    </bean>
    <!-- 1.創(chuàng)建屬性對(duì)象MysqlUserDaoImpl（如果是Besn類型）
      a.必須添加setter（）方法注入屬性；
      b.通過構(gòu)造方法注入屬性
      2.創(chuàng)建userService
      -->
    <bean id="userDao" class="com.demo.dao.impl.MysqlUserDaoImpl"></bean>
    <bean id="userService" class="com.demo.service.impl.UserServiceImpl">
        <!--    ref是通過引用userDao，然后找到實(shí)現(xiàn)類    -->
        <property name="userDao" ref="userDao"></property>
    </bean>
    <!--
    集合屬性的注入：
    list:添加list節(jié)點(diǎn)，然后如果集合中的數(shù)據(jù)是引用數(shù)據(jù)類型需要使用ref節(jié)點(diǎn)，如果是基本數(shù)據(jù)類型用value
    set:添加set節(jié)點(diǎn)，然后如果集合中的數(shù)據(jù)是引用數(shù)據(jù)類型需要使用ref節(jié)點(diǎn)，如果是基本數(shù)據(jù)類型用value
    map:添加map節(jié)點(diǎn)，由于map中儲(chǔ)存的是key和value鍵值對(duì)，需要添加一個(gè)entry節(jié)點(diǎn)
    對(duì)應(yīng)key，如果數(shù)據(jù)是引用數(shù)據(jù)類型需要使用ref節(jié)點(diǎn)，如果是基本數(shù)據(jù)類型用value
    對(duì)應(yīng)value，如果數(shù)據(jù)是引用數(shù)據(jù)類型需要使用ref節(jié)點(diǎn)，如果是基本數(shù)據(jù)類型用value
    properties：添加props節(jié)點(diǎn)，然后在添加prop
    -->

    <bean id="demo" class="com.demo.bean.Demo">
        <property name="list">
            <list>
                <value>喬丹</value>
                <value>科比</value>

                <!--<bean>ref的配置</bean>-->
                <!--                <ref>如果是類類型，或者引用數(shù)據(jù)類型，需要ref</ref>-->
            </list>
        </property>
        <property name="set">
            <set>
                <value>姚明</value>
                <value>易建聯(lián)</value>
                <value>王致和</value>
            </set>
        </property>

        <property name="map">
            <map>
                <entry>
                    <key>
                        <value>001</value>
                    </key>
                    <value>籃球</value>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                    <key>
                        <value>002</value>
                    </key>
                    <value>足球</value>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                    <key>
                        <value>003</value>
                    </key>
                    <value>乒乓球</value>
                </entry>
            </map>
        </property>
        <property name="properties">
            <props>
                <prop key="userId">1</prop>
                <prop key="username">test</prop>
                <prop key="password">123456</prop>
            </props>
        </property>
    </bean>
</beans>

applicationContext-實(shí)例工廠創(chuàng)建Bean.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
    <!--采用實(shí)例工廠創(chuàng)建Bean
    1.創(chuàng)建Emp2
    2.創(chuàng)建Emp2Factory靜態(tài)工廠
    3.編寫配置文件，注意和普通工廠對(duì)比，多兩個(gè)屬性配置factory-method="靜態(tài)方法名"
    factory-bean屬性的配置


    總結(jié)：相比普通構(gòu)造方法創(chuàng)建Bean而言稍微麻煩一些，所以很少用
    -->
    <bean id="emp2Factory" class="com.demo.factory.Emp2Factory"></bean>
    <bean id="emp2" factory-bean="emp2Factory" factory-method="getInstance"></bean>
</beans>

applicationContext-普通構(gòu)建方法創(chuàng)建Bean.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
    <!--    Spring容器-->
    <!--采用普通的構(gòu)造方法來創(chuàng)建Bean-->
    <bean id="userService" class="com.demo.service.impl.UserServiceImpl"></bean>
    <bean id="userDao" class="com.demo.dao.impl.MysqlUserDaoImpl"></bean>
    <!-- 采用普通的構(gòu)建方法創(chuàng)建User-->
    <bean id="user" class="com.demo.bean.User"></bean>

</beans>

applicationContext-靜態(tài)工廠創(chuàng)建Bean.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<!--采用靜態(tài)工廠創(chuàng)建Bean
1.創(chuàng)建Emp1
2.創(chuàng)建Emp1Factory靜態(tài)工廠
3.編寫配置文件，注意和普通工廠對(duì)比，多一個(gè)屬性配置factory-method="靜態(tài)方法名"

總結(jié)：相比普通構(gòu)造方法創(chuàng)建Bean而言稍微麻煩一些，所以很少用
-->
<bean id="emp1" class="com.demo.factory.Emp1Factory" factory-method="getInstance"></bean>

</beans>

logback.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<configuration>
    <!--輸出日志到控制臺(tái) appender追加-->
    <appender name="consoleLog" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
        <!--負(fù)責(zé)把事件轉(zhuǎn)成字符串，格式化日志信息的輸出-->
        <layout>
            <pattern>
                <!--%p是日志優(yōu)先級(jí)%d是日期，%msg是日志消息%n換行-->
                [%p]%d-%msg%n
            </pattern>
        </layout>
    </appender>
    <appender name="fileLog" class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.RollingFileAppender">
        <filter class="ch.qos.logback.classic.filter.LevelFilter">
            <level>debug</level>
            <onMatch>DENY</onMatch>
        </filter>
        <encoder>
            <pattern>
                [%p]%d-%msg%n
            </pattern>
        </encoder>
        <!-- 指定文件的輸出位置-->
        <rollingPolicy class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.TimeBasedRollingPolicy">
            <fileNamePattern>

            </fileNamePattern>
        </rollingPolicy>
    </appender>
<!-- 控制臺(tái)可以輸出的級(jí)別   -->
    <root level="info">
        <appender-ref ref="consoleLog"></appender-ref>
        <appender-ref ref="fileLog"></appender-ref>
    </root>
</configuration>

UserDao.properties

userDao=com.demo.dao.impl.OracleUserDaoImpl

總結(jié) 

到此這篇關(guān)于Spring IoC容器與Bean管理的文章就介紹到這了,更多相關(guān)Spring IoC容器與Bean管理內(nèi)容請(qǐng)搜索腳本之家以前的文章或繼續(xù)瀏覽下面的相關(guān)文章希望大家以后多多支持腳本之家！

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