SpringBoot實現(xiàn)不同用戶不同訪問權(quán)限的示例代碼

更新時間：2025年07月02日 09:15:42 作者：周凡123

這篇文章主要介紹了在SpringBoot中使用SpringSecurity實現(xiàn)基于角色的權(quán)限控制,涵蓋依賴添加、數(shù)據(jù)庫設計、實體類與Repository接口、UserDetailsService實現(xiàn)、安全配置、控制器創(chuàng)建及測試數(shù)據(jù)準備,并提及@PreAuthorize注解與角色繼承配置,需要的朋友可以參考下

前提

近期在使用 Spring Boot，用戶角色被分為管理者和普通用戶；角色不同，權(quán)限也就存在不同。

在 Spring Boot 里實現(xiàn)不同用戶擁有不同訪問權(quán)限，可借助 Spring Security 框架達成。

實現(xiàn)

1. 添加必要依賴

首先要在 pom.xml 里添加 Spring Security 和 JPA 的依賴。

<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-security</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>mysql</groupId>
        <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
        <scope>runtime</scope>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

2. 數(shù)據(jù)庫表設計

創(chuàng)建三張表，分別是用戶表、角色表以及用戶角色關(guān)聯(lián)表：

CREATE TABLE users (
    id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
    username VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
    password VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
    enabled BOOLEAN DEFAULT true
);

CREATE TABLE roles (
    id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
    name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL UNIQUE
);

CREATE TABLE user_roles (
    user_id INT NOT NULL,
    role_id INT NOT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (user_id, role_id),
    FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES users(id),
    FOREIGN KEY (role_id) REFERENCES roles(id)
);

3. 實體類設計

創(chuàng)建與數(shù)據(jù)庫表對應的實體類：

// User.java
import javax.persistence.*;
import java.util.Set;

@Entity
@Table(name = "users")
public class User {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    private Long id;
    private String username;
    private String password;
    private boolean enabled;

    @ManyToMany(fetch = FetchType.EAGER)
    @JoinTable(
        name = "user_roles",
        joinColumns = @JoinColumn(name = "user_id"),
        inverseJoinColumns = @JoinColumn(name = "role_id")
    )
    private Set<Role> roles;

    // getters and setters
}

// Role.java
import javax.persistence.*;

@Entity
@Table(name = "roles")
public class Role {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    private Long id;
    private String name;

    // getters and setters
}

4. 創(chuàng)建 Repository 接口

為 User 和 Role 分別創(chuàng)建 Repository 接口，用于數(shù)據(jù)訪問：

// UserRepository.java
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;

public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Long> {
    User findByUsername(String username);
}

// RoleRepository.java
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;

public interface RoleRepository extends JpaRepository<Role, Long> {
    Role findByName(String name);
}

5. 實現(xiàn) UserDetailsService

實現(xiàn) Spring Security 的 UserDetailsService 接口，從數(shù)據(jù)庫加載用戶信息：

import org.springframework.security.core.GrantedAuthority;
import org.springframework.security.core.authority.SimpleGrantedAuthority;
import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetails;
import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetailsService;
import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UsernameNotFoundException;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;

@Service
public class CustomUserDetailsService implements UserDetailsService {

    private final UserRepository userRepository;

    public CustomUserDetailsService(UserRepository userRepository) {
        this.userRepository = userRepository;
    }

    @Override
    public UserDetails loadUserByUsername(String username) throws UsernameNotFoundException {
        User user = userRepository.findByUsername(username);
        if (user == null) {
            throw new UsernameNotFoundException("User not found with username: " + username);
        }
        return new org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.User(
            user.getUsername(),
            user.getPassword(),
            user.isEnabled(),
            true,
            true,
            true,
            getAuthorities(user.getRoles())
        );
    }

    private List<GrantedAuthority> getAuthorities(Set<Role> roles) {
        List<GrantedAuthority> authorities = new ArrayList<>();
        for (Role role : roles) {
            authorities.add(new SimpleGrantedAuthority("ROLE_" + role.getName()));
        }
        return authorities;
    }
}

6. 配置 Spring Security

對 Spring Security 進行配置，設置不同 URL 的訪問權(quán)限：

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.builders.HttpSecurity;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.configuration.EnableWebSecurity;
import org.springframework.security.crypto.bcrypt.BCryptPasswordEncoder;
import org.springframework.security.crypto.password.PasswordEncoder;
import org.springframework.security.web.SecurityFilterChain;

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    public PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder() {
        return new BCryptPasswordEncoder();
    }

    @Bean
    public SecurityFilterChain securityFilterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
        http
            .authorizeRequests()
                .antMatchers("/public/**").permitAll()
                .antMatchers("/admin/**").hasRole("ADMIN")
                .antMatchers("/user/**").hasAnyRole("USER", "ADMIN")
                .anyRequest().authenticated()
                .and()
            .formLogin()
                .loginPage("/login")
                .permitAll()
                .and()
            .logout()
                .permitAll();

        return http.build();
    }
}

7. 創(chuàng)建控制器

創(chuàng)建不同權(quán)限的控制器示例：

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

@RestController
public class HelloController {

    @GetMapping("/public/hello")
    public String publicHello() {
        return "Public Hello!";
    }

    @GetMapping("/user/hello")
    public String userHello() {
        return "User Hello!";
    }

    @GetMapping("/admin/hello")
    public String adminHello() {
        return "Admin Hello!";
    }
}

8. 測試用戶數(shù)據(jù)

創(chuàng)建測試用戶數(shù)據(jù)，以便進行測試：

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.CommandLineRunner;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashSet;

@Component
public class DataInitializer implements CommandLineRunner {

    @Autowired
    private UserRepository userRepository;

    @Autowired
    private RoleRepository roleRepository;

    @Autowired
    private PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder;

    @Override
    public void run(String... args) throws Exception {
        // 創(chuàng)建角色
        Role adminRole = roleRepository.findByName("ADMIN");
        if (adminRole == null) {
            adminRole = new Role();
            adminRole.setName("ADMIN");
            roleRepository.save(adminRole);
        }

        Role userRole = roleRepository.findByName("USER");
        if (userRole == null) {
            userRole = new Role();
            userRole.setName("USER");
            roleRepository.save(userRole);
        }

        // 創(chuàng)建管理員用戶
        User adminUser = userRepository.findByUsername("admin");
        if (adminUser == null) {
            adminUser = new User();
            adminUser.setUsername("admin");
            adminUser.setPassword(passwordEncoder.encode("admin123"));
            adminUser.setEnabled(true);
            adminUser.setRoles(new HashSet<>(Collections.singletonList(adminRole)));
            userRepository.save(adminUser);
        }

        // 創(chuàng)建普通用戶
        User normalUser = userRepository.findByUsername("user");
        if (normalUser == null) {
            normalUser = new User();
            normalUser.setUsername("user");
            normalUser.setPassword(passwordEncoder.encode("user123"));
            normalUser.setEnabled(true);
            normalUser.setRoles(new HashSet<>(Collections.singletonList(userRole)));
            userRepository.save(normalUser);
        }
    }
}

權(quán)限控制說明

@PreAuthorize 注解：能在方法級別進行權(quán)限控制。例如：

@PreAuthorize("hasRole('ADMIN')")
@GetMapping("/admin/hello")
public String adminHello() {
    return "Admin Hello!";
}

角色繼承：可以讓 ADMIN 角色繼承 USER 角色的權(quán)限，配置如下：

@Bean
public SecurityFilterChain securityFilterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
    http
        .authorizeRequests()
            .antMatchers("/public/**").permitAll()
            .antMatchers("/user/**").hasRole("USER")
            .antMatchers("/admin/**").hasRole("ADMIN")
            .anyRequest().authenticated()
            .and()
        .roleHierarchy(roleHierarchy());

    return http.build();
}

@Bean
public RoleHierarchy roleHierarchy() {
    RoleHierarchyImpl roleHierarchy = new RoleHierarchyImpl();
    roleHierarchy.setHierarchy("ROLE_ADMIN > ROLE_USER");
    return roleHierarchy;
}

到此這篇關(guān)于SpringBoot實現(xiàn)不同用戶不同訪問權(quán)限的示例代碼的文章就介紹到這了,更多相關(guān)SpringBoot不同用戶不同訪問權(quán)限內(nèi)容請搜索腳本之家以前的文章或繼續(xù)瀏覽下面的相關(guān)文章希望大家以后多多支持腳本之家！

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