/**
     * Dispatch an uncaught exception to the handler. This method is
     * intended to be called only by the JVM.
     */
    private void dispatchUncaughtException(Throwable e) {
        getUncaughtExceptionHandler().uncaughtException(this, e);
    }

	// 線程實例的默認異常處理， 需要手動設(shè)置， 不設(shè)置默認為null
    private volatile UncaughtExceptionHandler uncaughtExceptionHandler;
    /**
     * Returns the handler invoked when this thread abruptly terminates
     * due to an uncaught exception. If this thread has not had an
     * uncaught exception handler explicitly set then this thread's
     * <tt>ThreadGroup</tt> object is returned, unless this thread
     * has terminated, in which case <tt>null</tt> is returned.
     * @since 1.5
     * @return the uncaught exception handler for this thread
     */
    public UncaughtExceptionHandler getUncaughtExceptionHandler() {
        return uncaughtExceptionHandler != null ?
            uncaughtExceptionHandler : group;  // group就是線程對應的線程組
    }

    
    /**
     * Called by the Java Virtual Machine when a thread in this
     * thread group stops because of an uncaught exception, and the thread
     * does not have a specific {@link Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler}
     * installed.
     * <p>
     * The <code>uncaughtException</code> method of
     * <code>ThreadGroup</code> does the following:
     * <ul>
     * <li>If this thread group has a parent thread group, the
     *     <code>uncaughtException</code> method of that parent is called
     *     with the same two arguments.
     * <li>Otherwise, this method checks to see if there is a
     *     {@linkplain Thread#getDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler default
     *     uncaught exception handler} installed, and if so, its
     *     <code>uncaughtException</code> method is called with the same
     *     two arguments.
     * <li>Otherwise, this method determines if the <code>Throwable</code>
     *     argument is an instance of {@link ThreadDeath}. If so, nothing
     *     special is done. Otherwise, a message containing the
     *     thread's name, as returned from the thread's {@link
     *     Thread#getName getName} method, and a stack backtrace,
     *     using the <code>Throwable</code>'s {@link
     *     Throwable#printStackTrace printStackTrace} method, is
     *     printed to the {@linkplain System#err standard error stream}.
     * </ul>
     * <p>
     * Applications can override this method in subclasses of
     * <code>ThreadGroup</code> to provide alternative handling of
     * uncaught exceptions.
     *
     * @param   t   the thread that is about to exit.
     * @param   e   the uncaught exception.
     * @since   JDK1.0
     */
    public void uncaughtException(Thread t, Throwable e) {
        if (parent != null) {
            parent.uncaughtException(t, e);
        } else {
            Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler ueh =
                Thread.getDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler();  // 全局的異常處理器 Thread靜態(tài)字段, 手動設(shè)置， 不設(shè)置默認為null
            if (ueh != null) {
                ueh.uncaughtException(t, e);
            } else if (!(e instanceof ThreadDeath)) {
                System.err.print("Exception in thread \""
                                 + t.getName() + "\" ");
                e.printStackTrace(System.err);  // 都不設(shè)置默認輸出到 標準錯誤輸出
            }
        }
    }

    
    /**
     * Main worker run loop.  Repeatedly gets tasks from queue and
     * executes them, while coping with a number of issues:
     *
     * 1. We may start out with an initial task, in which case we
     * don't need to get the first one. Otherwise, as long as pool is
     * running, we get tasks from getTask. If it returns null then the
     * worker exits due to changed pool state or configuration
     * parameters.  Other exits result from exception throws in
     * external code, in which case completedAbruptly holds, which
     * usually leads processWorkerExit to replace this thread.
     *
     * 2. Before running any task, the lock is acquired to prevent
     * other pool interrupts while the task is executing, and then we
     * ensure that unless pool is stopping, this thread does not have
     * its interrupt set.
     *
     * 3. Each task run is preceded by a call to beforeExecute, which
     * might throw an exception, in which case we cause thread to die
     * (breaking loop with completedAbruptly true) without processing
     * the task.
     *
     * 4. Assuming beforeExecute completes normally, we run the task,
     * gathering any of its thrown exceptions to send to afterExecute.
     * We separately handle RuntimeException, Error (both of which the
     * specs guarantee that we trap) and arbitrary Throwables.
     * Because we cannot rethrow Throwables within Runnable.run, we
     * wrap them within Errors on the way out (to the thread's
     * UncaughtExceptionHandler).  Any thrown exception also
     * conservatively causes thread to die.
     *
     * 5. After task.run completes, we call afterExecute, which may
     * also throw an exception, which will also cause thread to
     * die. According to JLS Sec 14.20, this exception is the one that
     * will be in effect even if task.run throws.
     *
     * The net effect of the exception mechanics is that afterExecute
     * and the thread's UncaughtExceptionHandler have as accurate
     * information as we can provide about any problems encountered by
     * user code.
     *
     * @param w the worker
     */
    final void runWorker(Worker w) {
        Thread wt = Thread.currentThread();
        Runnable task = w.firstTask;
        w.firstTask = null;
        w.unlock(); // allow interrupts
        boolean completedAbruptly = true;
        try {
            while (task != null || (task = getTask()) != null) {
                w.lock();
                // If pool is stopping, ensure thread is interrupted;
                // if not, ensure thread is not interrupted.  This
                // requires a recheck in second case to deal with
                // shutdownNow race while clearing interrupt
                if ((runStateAtLeast(ctl.get(), STOP) ||
                     (Thread.interrupted() &&
                      runStateAtLeast(ctl.get(), STOP))) &&
                    !wt.isInterrupted())
                    wt.interrupt();
                try {
                    beforeExecute(wt, task);
                    Throwable thrown = null;
                    try {
                        task.run(); 
                    } catch (RuntimeException x) {
                        thrown = x; throw x;    // 發(fā)生異常直接拋出， 最后也會走到Thread的異常處理邏輯
                    } catch (Error x) {
                        thrown = x; throw x;  // 發(fā)生異常直接拋出 最后也會走到Thread的異常處理邏輯
                    } catch (Throwable x) {
                        thrown = x; throw new Error(x); // 發(fā)生異常拋出 最后也會走到Thread的異常處理邏輯
                    } finally {
                        afterExecute(task, thrown);
                    }
                } finally {
                    task = null;
                    w.completedTasks++;
                    w.unlock();
                }
            }
            completedAbruptly = false;
        } finally {
            processWorkerExit(w, completedAbruptly);  // 發(fā)生異常whiie循環(huán)結(jié)束  當前線程退出處理  
        }
    }

    /**
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException       {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public <T> Future<T> submit(Callable<T> task) {
        if (task == null) throw new NullPointerException();
        RunnableFuture<T> ftask = newTaskFor(task);  // 任務被包裝成FutureTask, FutureTask的run方法處理了異常， 所以如果默認task不處理異常，需要調(diào)用futureTask.get()方法獲取結(jié)果或者異常，否則表象就是異常吞掉了
        execute(ftask);
        return ftask;
    }
    /**
     * Returns a {@code RunnableFuture} for the given callable task.
     *
     * @param callable the callable task being wrapped
     * @param <T> the type of the callable's result
     * @return a {@code RunnableFuture} which, when run, will call the
     * underlying callable and which, as a {@code Future}, will yield
     * the callable's result as its result and provide for
     * cancellation of the underlying task
     * @since 1.6
     */
    protected <T> RunnableFuture<T> newTaskFor(Callable<T> callable) {
        return new FutureTask<T>(callable);
    }

    /**
     * Executes the given task sometime in the future.  The task
     * may execute in a new thread or in an existing pooled thread.
     *
     * If the task cannot be submitted for execution, either because this
     * executor has been shutdown or because its capacity has been reached,
     * the task is handled by the current {@code RejectedExecutionHandler}.
     *
     * @param command the task to execute
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException at discretion of
     *         {@code RejectedExecutionHandler}, if the task
     *         cannot be accepted for execution
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code command} is null
     */
    public void execute(Runnable command) {
        if (command == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        /*
         * Proceed in 3 steps:
         *
         * 1. If fewer than corePoolSize threads are running, try to
         * start a new thread with the given command as its first
         * task.  The call to addWorker atomically checks runState and
         * workerCount, and so prevents false alarms that would add
         * threads when it shouldn't, by returning false.
         *
         * 2. If a task can be successfully queued, then we still need
         * to double-check whether we should have added a thread
         * (because existing ones died since last checking) or that
         * the pool shut down since entry into this method. So we
         * recheck state and if necessary roll back the enqueuing if
         * stopped, or start a new thread if there are none.
         *
         * 3. If we cannot queue task, then we try to add a new
         * thread.  If it fails, we know we are shut down or saturated
         * and so reject the task.
         */
        int c = ctl.get();
        if (workerCountOf(c) < corePoolSize) {
            if (addWorker(command, true))
                return;
            c = ctl.get();
        }
        if (isRunning(c) && workQueue.offer(command)) {
            int recheck = ctl.get();
            if (! isRunning(recheck) && remove(command))
                reject(command);
            else if (workerCountOf(recheck) == 0)
                addWorker(null, false);
        }
        else if (!addWorker(command, false))
            reject(command);
    }    

    
	public void run() {
        if (state != NEW ||
            !UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, runnerOffset,
                                         null, Thread.currentThread()))
            return;
        try {
            Callable<V> c = callable;
            if (c != null && state == NEW) {
                V result;
                boolean ran;
                try {
                    result = c.call();
                    ran = true;
                } catch (Throwable ex) {
                    result = null;
                    ran = false;
                    setException(ex);  // 異常被賦值到成員變量， 通過get方法獲取結(jié)果或者異常
                }
                if (ran)
                    set(result);
            }
        } finally {
            // runner must be non-null until state is settled to
            // prevent concurrent calls to run()
            runner = null;
            // state must be re-read after nulling runner to prevent
            // leaked interrupts
            int s = state;
            if (s >= INTERRUPTING)
                handlePossibleCancellationInterrupt(s);
        }
    }



    /**
     * Causes this future to report an {@link ExecutionException}
     * with the given throwable as its cause, unless this future has
     * already been set or has been cancelled.
     *
     * <p>This method is invoked internally by the {@link #run} method
     * upon failure of the computation.
     *
     * @param t the cause of failure
     */
    protected void setException(Throwable t) {
        if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, stateOffset, NEW, COMPLETING)) {
            outcome = t;
            UNSAFE.putOrderedInt(this, stateOffset, EXCEPTIONAL); // final state
            finishCompletion();
        }
    }