@ControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {
     
    // 捕獲 PathVariable 參數(shù)類型不匹配或格式錯(cuò)誤的異常，并返回錯(cuò)誤信息
    @ExceptionHandler(MethodArgumentTypeMismatchException.class)
    @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST)
    @ResponseBody
    public Map<String, Object> handleMethodArgumentTypeMismatchException(MethodArgumentTypeMismatchException ex) {
        return createErrorResponse(HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST.value(), "請(qǐng)求參數(shù)有誤: " + ex.getMessage());
    }
 
    // 捕獲其他未處理的異常，并返回錯(cuò)誤信息
    @ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)
    @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
    @ResponseBody
    public Map<String, Object> handleUncaughtException(Exception ex) {
        return createErrorResponse(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR.value(), "系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部錯(cuò)誤: " + ex.getMessage());
    }
 
    // 創(chuàng)建包含錯(cuò)誤碼和錯(cuò)誤消息的 Map 對(duì)象
    private Map<String, Object> createErrorResponse(int code, String message) {
        Map<String, Object> errorResponse = new HashMap<>();
        errorResponse.put("code", code);
        errorResponse.put("message", message);
        return errorResponse;
    }
}

@ControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {
    
    /**
     * 處理 HTTP 404 錯(cuò)誤
     */
    @ExceptionHandler(NoHandlerFoundException.class)
    @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND)
    @ResponseBody
    public ApiError handleNotFound(HttpServletRequest req, Exception ex) {
        return new ApiError(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND.value(), "無(wú)該資源: " + req.getRequestURI());
    }
 
    /**
     * 處理 HTTP 500 錯(cuò)誤
     */
    @ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)
    @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
    @ResponseBody
    public ApiError handleInternalServerError(HttpServletRequest req, Exception ex) {
        return new ApiError(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR.value(), "服務(wù)器內(nèi)部錯(cuò)誤: " + ex.getMessage());
    }
 
    /**
     * 處理用戶登錄異常
     */
    @ExceptionHandler(UserLoginException.class)
    @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED)
    @ResponseBody
    public ApiError handleUserLoginException(HttpServletRequest req, UserLoginException ex) {
        return new ApiError(HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED.value(), "用戶登錄失敗: " + ex.getMessage());
    }
 
    /**
     * 處理其他所有未處理的異常
     */
    @ExceptionHandler(Throwable.class)
    @ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
    @ResponseBody
    public ApiError handleOtherExceptions(HttpServletRequest req, Throwable ex) {
        return new ApiError(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR.value(), "系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部錯(cuò)誤: " + ex.getMessage());
    }
}

@RestController
public class UserController {
    
    @Autowired
    private UserService userService;
    
    @PostMapping("/login")
    public String login(@RequestBody LoginForm form) {
        // 驗(yàn)證用戶名和密碼
        if (!userService.validate(form.getUsername(), form.getPassword())) {
            // 用戶不存在或密碼錯(cuò)誤，拋出 UserLoginException 異常
            throw new UserLoginException("用戶名或密碼不正確");
        }
         
        // 登錄成功，返回 token 或用戶信息
        // ......
    }
}