char str[] = "http://c.biancheng.net";
    char *pstr = str;
    class Base{};
    Base obj;
    throw 100;  //int 類型
    throw str;  //數(shù)組類型
    throw pstr;  //指針類型
    throw obj;  //對象類型

    #include <iostream>
    #include <cstdlib>
    using namespace std;
    //自定義的異常類型
    class OutOfRange{
    public:
        OutOfRange(): m_flag(1){ };
        OutOfRange(int len, int index): m_len(len), m_index(index), m_flag(2){ }
    public:
        void what() const;  //獲取具體的錯(cuò)誤信息
    private:
        int m_flag;  //不同的flag表示不同的錯(cuò)誤
        int m_len;  //當(dāng)前數(shù)組的長度
        int m_index;  //當(dāng)前使用的數(shù)組下標(biāo)
    };
    void OutOfRange::what() const {
        if(m_flag == 1){
            cout<<"Error: empty array, no elements to pop."<<endl;
        }else if(m_flag == 2){
            cout<<"Error: out of range( array length "<<m_len<<", access index "<<m_index<<" )"<<endl;
        }else{
            cout<<"Unknown exception."<<endl;
        }
    }
    //實(shí)現(xiàn)動(dòng)態(tài)數(shù)組
    class Array{
    public:
        Array();
        ~Array(){ free(m_p); };
    public:
        int operator[](int i) const;  //獲取數(shù)組元素
        int push(int ele);  //在末尾插入數(shù)組元素
        int pop();  //在末尾刪除數(shù)組元素
        int length() const{ return m_len; };  //獲取數(shù)組長度
    private:
        int m_len;  //數(shù)組長度
        int m_capacity;  //當(dāng)前的內(nèi)存能容納多少個(gè)元素
        int *m_p;  //內(nèi)存指針
    private:
        static const int m_stepSize = 50;  //每次擴(kuò)容的步長
    };
    Array::Array(){
        m_p = (int*)malloc( sizeof(int) * m_stepSize );
        m_capacity = m_stepSize;
        m_len = 0;
    }
    int Array::operator[](int index) const {
        if( index<0 || index>=m_len ){  //判斷是否越界
            throw OutOfRange(m_len, index);  //拋出異常（創(chuàng)建一個(gè)匿名對象）
        }
        return *(m_p + index);
    }
    int Array::push(int ele){
        if(m_len >= m_capacity){  //如果容量不足就擴(kuò)容
            m_capacity += m_stepSize;
            m_p = (int*)realloc( m_p, sizeof(int) * m_capacity );  //擴(kuò)容
        }
        *(m_p + m_len) = ele;
        m_len++;
        return m_len-1;
    }
    int Array::pop(){
        if(m_len == 0){
             throw OutOfRange();  //拋出異常（創(chuàng)建一個(gè)匿名對象）
        }
        m_len--;
        return *(m_p + m_len);
    }
    //打印數(shù)組元素
    void printArray(Array &arr){
        int len = arr.length();
        //判斷數(shù)組是否為空
        if(len == 0){
            cout<<"Empty array! No elements to print."<<endl;
            return;
        }
        for(int i=0; i<len; i++){
            if(i == len-1){
                cout<<arr[i]<<endl;
            }else{
                cout<<arr[i]<<", ";
            }
        }
    }
    int main(){
        Array nums;
        //向數(shù)組中添加十個(gè)元素
        for(int i=0; i<10; i++){
            nums.push(i);
        }
        printArray(nums);
        //嘗試訪問第20個(gè)元素
        try{
            cout<<nums[20]<<endl;
        }catch(OutOfRange &e){
            e.what();
        }
        //嘗試彈出20個(gè)元素
        try{
            for(int i=0; i<20; i++){
                nums.pop();
            }
        }catch(OutOfRange &e){
            e.what();
        }
        printArray(nums);
        return 0;
    }

    class Base{
    public:
        virtual int fun1(int) throw();
        virtual int fun2(int) throw(int);
        virtual string fun3() throw(int, string);
    };
    class Derived:public Base{
    public:
        int fun1(int) throw(int);   //錯(cuò)！異常規(guī)范不如 throw() 嚴(yán)格
        int fun2(int) throw(int);   //對！有相同的異常規(guī)范
        string fun3() throw(string);  //對！異常規(guī)范比 throw(int,string) 更嚴(yán)格
    }

    //錯(cuò)！定義中有異常規(guī)范，聲明中沒有
    void func1();
    void func1() throw(int) { }
    //錯(cuò)！定義和聲明中的異常規(guī)范不一致
    void func2() throw(int);
    void func2() throw(int, bool) { }
    //對！定義和聲明中的異常規(guī)范嚴(yán)格一致
    void func3() throw(float, char*);
    void func3() throw(float, char*) { }

    #include <iostream>
    #include <string>
    #include <exception>
    using namespace std;
    void func()throw(char*, exception){
        throw 100;
        cout<<"[1]This statement will not be executed."<<endl;
    }
    int main(){
        try{
            func();
        }catch(int){
            cout<<"Exception type: int"<<endl;
        }
        return 0;
    }