# 查看當(dāng)前 PostgreSQL 版本
psql -c "SELECT version();"
# 查看數(shù)據(jù)目錄位置
psql -c "SHOW data_directory;"
# 查看安裝路徑
which pg_ctl

# 使用 pg_basebackup 創(chuàng)建基礎(chǔ)備份
pg_basebackup -h localhost -U replicator -D /backup/pg_basebackup_$(date +%Y%m%d) -Ft -z -P

# 全庫邏輯備份（推薦用于中小型數(shù)據(jù)庫）
pg_dumpall -h localhost -U postgres -f /backup/full_backup_$(date +%Y%m%d).sql

# Ubuntu/Debian 示例
sudo apt update
sudo apt install postgresql-14 postgresql-client-14
# CentOS/RHEL 示例
sudo dnf install postgresql14-server postgresql14

# 通常安裝包會自動初始化，若未初始化：
sudo -u postgres /usr/pgsql-14/bin/initdb -D /var/lib/pgsql/14/data

sudo systemctl stop postgresql-13

sudo -u postgres /usr/pgsql-14/bin/pg_upgrade \
    --old-bindir=/usr/pgsql-13/bin \
    --new-bindir=/usr/pgsql-14/bin \
    --old-datadir=/var/lib/pgsql/13/data \
    --new-datadir=/var/lib/pgsql/14/data \
    --check

sudo -u postgres /usr/pgsql-14/bin/pg_upgrade \
    --old-bindir=/usr/pgsql-13/bin \
    --new-bindir=/usr/pgsql-14/bin \
    --old-datadir=/var/lib/pgsql/13/data \
    --new-datadir=/var/lib/pgsql/14/data \
    --link  # 使用硬鏈接加速（需同一文件系統(tǒng)）

sudo systemctl start postgresql-14
# 運行 pg_upgrade 生成的 analyze_new_cluster.sh
sudo -u postgres /var/lib/pgsql/14/data/analyze_new_cluster.sh

sudo apt install postgresql-14
sudo pg_ctlcluster 14 main start  # Debian/Ubuntu

# 導(dǎo)出為自定義格式（推薦，支持并行恢復(fù)）
pg_dump -h localhost -U postgres -Fc mydb > /backup/mydb.dump
# 或?qū)С鰹榧?SQL（便于查看和修改）
pg_dump -h localhost -U postgres mydb > /backup/mydb.sql

CREATE DATABASE mydb;
CREATE USER myapp WITH PASSWORD 'secret';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON DATABASE mydb TO myapp;

# 自定義格式導(dǎo)入（支持并行）
pg_restore -h localhost -U postgres -d mydb -j 4 /backup/mydb.dump
# SQL 格式導(dǎo)入
psql -h localhost -U postgres -d mydb -f /backup/mydb.sql

SELECT name, default_version, installed_version FROM pg_available_extensions WHERE installed_version IS NOT NULL;

# Ubuntu 安裝 PostGIS 3.3 for PostgreSQL 14
sudo apt install postgis postgresql-14-postgis-3
# 在數(shù)據(jù)庫中啟用
CREATE EXTENSION postgis;

-- 在新數(shù)據(jù)庫中先創(chuàng)建舊版 PostGIS
CREATE EXTENSION postgis VERSION '3.2.0';

-- 然后升級到新版
ALTER EXTENSION postgis UPDATE TO '3.3.0';

-- 測試 PostGIS 函數(shù)
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Point(1, 2));

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.postgresql</groupId>
    <artifactId>postgresql</artifactId>
    <version>42.6.0</version> <!-- 2023年最新版，支持 PG 15 -->
</dependency>

// 標(biāo)準(zhǔn) JDBC 連接
String url = "jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/mydb";
Properties props = new Properties();
props.setProperty("user", "myapp");
props.setProperty("password", "secret");
props.setProperty("ssl", "false"); // 生產(chǎn)環(huán)境應(yīng)啟用 SSL
try (Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, props)) {
    System.out.println("Connected to PostgreSQL " + conn.getMetaData().getDatabaseProductVersion());
}

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import java.sql.*;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
public class PostgreSqlUpgradeTest {
    private static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/testdb";
    private static final String USER = "testuser";
    private static final String PASS = "testpass";
    @Test
    public void testBasicCRUD() throws SQLException {
        try (Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS)) {
            // 創(chuàng)建測試表
            try (Statement stmt = conn.createStatement()) {
                stmt.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS upgrade_test");
                stmt.execute("CREATE TABLE upgrade_test (id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT, created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT NOW())");
            }
            // 插入數(shù)據(jù)
            try (PreparedStatement pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(
                    "INSERT INTO upgrade_test (name) VALUES (?) RETURNING id")) {
                pstmt.setString(1, "Test Record");
                try (ResultSet rs = pstmt.executeQuery()) {
                    assertTrue(rs.next());
                    int id = rs.getInt("id");
                    assertTrue(id > 0);
                }
            }
            // 查詢數(shù)據(jù)
            try (Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
                 ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM upgrade_test")) {
                assertTrue(rs.next());
                assertEquals(1, rs.getInt(1));
            }
            // 更新數(shù)據(jù)
            try (PreparedStatement pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(
                    "UPDATE upgrade_test SET name = ? WHERE id = ?")) {
                pstmt.setString(1, "Updated Name");
                pstmt.setInt(2, 1);
                assertEquals(1, pstmt.executeUpdate());
            }
            // 刪除數(shù)據(jù)
            try (Statement stmt = conn.createStatement()) {
                assertEquals(1, stmt.executeUpdate("DELETE FROM upgrade_test"));
            }
        }
    }
    @Test
    public void testJsonbSupport() throws SQLException {
        // 驗證 JSONB 類型（PG 9.4+ 支持，但新版本有增強(qiáng)）
        try (Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
             Statement stmt = conn.createStatement()) {
            stmt.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS json_test");
            stmt.execute("CREATE TABLE json_test (data JSONB)");
            stmt.execute("INSERT INTO json_test VALUES ('{\"key\": \"value\", \"num\": 42}')");
            try (ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(
                    "SELECT data->>'key' as key_val, (data->>'num')::int as num_val FROM json_test")) {
                assertTrue(rs.next());
                assertEquals("value", rs.getString("key_val"));
                assertEquals(42, rs.getInt("num_val"));
            }
        }
    }
    @Test
    public void testPartitioning() throws SQLException {
        // 驗證聲明式分區(qū)（PG 10+ 引入，后續(xù)版本增強(qiáng)）
        try (Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
             Statement stmt = conn.createStatement()) {
            stmt.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS sales");
            stmt.execute("""
                CREATE TABLE sales (
                    id SERIAL,
                    sale_date DATE NOT NULL,
                    amount NUMERIC
                ) PARTITION BY RANGE (sale_date)
                """);
            stmt.execute("""
                CREATE TABLE sales_2023 PARTITION OF sales
                FOR VALUES FROM ('2023-01-01') TO ('2024-01-01')
                """);
            stmt.execute("INSERT INTO sales (sale_date, amount) VALUES ('2023-06-15', 100.50)");
            try (ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sales_2023")) {
                assertTrue(rs.next());
                assertEquals(1, rs.getInt(1));
            }
        }
    }
}

# log4j2.xml 片段
<Logger name="org.springframework.jdbc" level="DEBUG"/>
<Logger name="com.zaxxer.hikari" level="DEBUG"/>

-- 分析整個數(shù)據(jù)庫
ANALYZE;
-- 或針對關(guān)鍵大表
ANALYZE VERBOSE large_table;

# 使用 pg_controldata 檢查控制文件版本
pg_controldata /var/lib/pgsql/14/data
# 檢查配置差異
diff /var/lib/pgsql/13/data/postgresql.conf /var/lib/pgsql/14/data/postgresql.conf

# SELinux 上下文修復(fù)（CentOS/RHEL）
sudo semanage fcontext -a -t postgresql_db_t "/var/lib/pgsql/14(/.*)?"
sudo restorecon -R /var/lib/pgsql/14
# AppArmor 配置（Ubuntu）
sudo nano /etc/apparmor.d/usr.sbin.postgresql-14
# 添加數(shù)據(jù)目錄路徑

-- 檢查時區(qū)設(shè)置
SHOW timezone;
-- 測試時間轉(zhuǎn)換
SELECT '2023-01-01 12:00:00+00'::timestamptz;

// 正確處理帶時區(qū)的時間
OffsetDateTime odt = resultSet.getObject("created_at", OffsetDateTime.class);
LocalDateTime ldt = odt.toLocalDateTime(); // 轉(zhuǎn)換為本地時間

-- 查看復(fù)制槽
SELECT * FROM pg_replication_slots;
-- 升級前暫停復(fù)制，升級后重建槽
SELECT pg_drop_replication_slot('my_slot');
-- 升級后
SELECT pg_create_logical_replication_slot('my_slot', 'pgoutput');

# 升級后運行
vacuumdb --all --analyze-in-stages

---
- name: PostgreSQL Major Version Upgrade
  hosts: db_servers
  become: yes
  vars:
    pg_old_version: "13"
    pg_new_version: "14"
    pg_data_dir_old: "/var/lib/pgsql/{{ pg_old_version }}/data"
    pg_data_dir_new: "/var/lib/pgsql/{{ pg_new_version }}/data"
  tasks:
    - name: Backup current database
      shell: pg_dumpall -U postgres > /backup/pg_full_{{ ansible_date_time.iso8601 }}.sql
      register: backup_result
    - name: Install new PostgreSQL version
      package:
        name: "postgresql-{{ pg_new_version }}"
        state: present
    - name: Initialize new cluster
      command: /usr/pgsql-{{ pg_new_version }}/bin/initdb -D {{ pg_data_dir_new }}
      args:
        creates: "{{ pg_data_dir_new }}/PG_VERSION"
    - name: Stop old cluster
      systemd:
        name: "postgresql-{{ pg_old_version }}"
        state: stopped
    - name: Run pg_upgrade check
      command: >
        /usr/pgsql-{{ pg_new_version }}/bin/pg_upgrade
        --old-bindir=/usr/pgsql-{{ pg_old_version }}/bin
        --new-bindir=/usr/pgsql-{{ pg_new_version }}/bin
        --old-datadir={{ pg_data_dir_old }}
        --new-datadir={{ pg_data_dir_new }}
        --check
      register: pg_upgrade_check
      ignore_errors: yes
    - name: Fail if check fails
      fail:
        msg: "pg_upgrade check failed!"
      when: pg_upgrade_check.rc != 0
    - name: Run pg_upgrade
      command: >
        /usr/pgsql-{{ pg_new_version }}/bin/pg_upgrade
        --old-bindir=/usr/pgsql-{{ pg_old_version }}/bin
        --new-bindir=/usr/pgsql-{{ pg_new_version }}/bin
        --old-datadir={{ pg_data_dir_old }}
        --new-datadir={{ pg_data_dir_new }}
        --link
    - name: Start new cluster
      systemd:
        name: "postgresql-{{ pg_new_version }}"
        state: started
        enabled: yes

// Flyway 配置示例
@Configuration
public class FlywayConfig {
    @Bean
    public Flyway flyway(DataSource dataSource) {
        return Flyway.configure()
                .dataSource(dataSource)
                .locations("classpath:db/migration")
                .load();
    }
}