JavaScript面試必備技巧之手寫(xiě)一個(gè)Promise

更新時(shí)間：2023年02月08日 15:06:59 作者：mick

很多同學(xué)在面試的時(shí)候都會(huì)被要求手寫(xiě)一個(gè)Promise,那么今天我總結(jié)了一些手寫(xiě)Promise的方法，可以跟著我的思路一起來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)Promise,讓我們的面試更有把握

很多同學(xué)在面試的時(shí)候都會(huì)被要求手寫(xiě)一個(gè)Promise,那么今天我總結(jié)了一些手寫(xiě)Promise的方法，可以跟著我的思路一起來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)Promise,讓我們的面試更有把握。同時(shí)我們也會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)一下Promsie常見(jiàn)的方法比如：all、race、allSettled、any。

基本實(shí)現(xiàn)

首先我們可以用類(lèi)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)Promise,而且Promise有三種狀態(tài)：pending、fulfilled、rejected。初始狀態(tài)為pending。還需要對(duì)Promise的終值進(jìn)行初始化。Promise還有兩個(gè)方法resolve和reject。

Promise有四個(gè)特點(diǎn)：

執(zhí)行了resolve,Promise狀態(tài)就會(huì)變成fulfilled
執(zhí)行了reject,Promise狀態(tài)就會(huì)變成rejected
Promise狀態(tài)不可逆，第一次成功就永久為fulfilled,第一次失敗就永久為rejected
Promise中有throw的話，就相當(dāng)于執(zhí)行了rejected

下面我就來(lái)簡(jiǎn)單的實(shí)現(xiàn)一下吧

實(shí)現(xiàn)resolve和reject

class MyPromise {
  constructor(executor) {
    // 初始化值
    this.initValue()
    // 初始化this指向
    this.initBind()

    try {
      executor(this.resolve, this.reject)
    } catch (error) {
      this.reject(error)
    }
  }

  initValue() {
    // 初始化值
    this.promiseResult = null
    this.promiseState = "pending" // 初始狀態(tài)
  }

  initBind() {
    this.resolve = this.resolve.bind(this)
    this.reject = this.reject.bind(this)
  }

  resolve(val) {
    this.promiseState = "fulfilled"
    this.promiseResult = val
  }

  reject(reason) {
    this.promiseState = "rejected"
    this.promiseResult = reason
  }
}

測(cè)試一下吧

const test1 = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
  resolve("success")
})

console.log(test1) 
// MyPromise{ promiseResult: 'success', promiseState: 'fulfilled' }

const test2 = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
  reject("fail")
})

console.log(test2)
// MyPromise{ promiseResult: 'fail', promiseState: 'rejected' }

const test3 = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
  throw "fail"
})
console.log(test3)
// MyPromise{ promiseResult: 'fail', promiseState: 'rejected' }

這里重點(diǎn)說(shuō)一下initBind中為什么要給resolve和reject綁定this。我們可以看到在resolve和reject中使用了this.promiseState和this.promiseResult。我們需要把它的this綁定到實(shí)例才對(duì)。

狀態(tài)不可變

如果我們執(zhí)行下面的代碼

const test = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
  resolve("success")
  reject("fail")
})
console.log(test)
// MyPromise{ promiseResult: 'fail', promiseState: 'rejected' }

這就不符合我們的預(yù)期了，因?yàn)槲覀冃枰氖菭顟B(tài)不可變。所以我們將代碼改造一下,這里只需要修改resolve和reject就可以了

resolve(val) {
    if (this.promiseState !== "pending") return
    this.promiseState = "fulfilled"
    this.promiseResult = val
}

reject(reason) {
    if (this.promiseState !== "pending") return
    this.promiseState = "rejected"
    this.promiseResult = reason
}

當(dāng)執(zhí)行resolve或reject的時(shí)候，發(fā)現(xiàn)狀態(tài)不是pending就說(shuō)明狀態(tài)已經(jīng)改變了，直接return即可。

then

我們首先看下原始的Promise的then實(shí)現(xiàn)的效果

// 直接輸出success
const p1 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  resolve("success")
}).then(
  (res) => console.log(res),
  (err) => console.log(err)
)

// 1s后輸出fail
const p2 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  setTimeout(() => {
    reject("fail")
  }, 1000)
}).then(
  (res) => console.log(res),
  (err) => console.log(err)
)

// 鏈?zhǔn)秸{(diào)用 直接輸出2000
const p3 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  resolve(1000)
})
  .then(
    (res) => 2 * res,
    (err) => console.log(err)
  )
  .then(
    (res) => console.log(res),
    (err) => console.log(err)
  )

由此可以得出結(jié)論：

then 接受兩個(gè)回調(diào)，一個(gè)是成功回調(diào)，一個(gè)是失敗的回調(diào)
當(dāng)Promise為fulfilled執(zhí)行成功的回調(diào)，為rejected 執(zhí)行失敗的回調(diào)
如果resolve或者reject在定時(shí)器里面執(zhí)行，則定時(shí)器結(jié)束后再執(zhí)行then
then 支持鏈?zhǔn)秸{(diào)用，下一次then執(zhí)行受上一次then返回值的影響

then實(shí)現(xiàn)

由結(jié)論1和2可以實(shí)現(xiàn)

then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
    // 首先要校驗(yàn)兩個(gè)回調(diào)是否是函數(shù)
    onFulfilled = typeof onFulfilled === "function" ? onFulfilled : (val) => val
    onRejected =
      typeof onRejected === "function"
        ? onRejected
        : (reason) => {
            throw reason
          }

    if (this.promiseState === "fulfilled") {
      onFulfilled(this.promiseResult)
    } else if (this.promiseState === "rejected") {
      onRejected(this.promiseResult)
    }
}

但是我們?nèi)绾伪ＷC回調(diào)是在定時(shí)器結(jié)束后執(zhí)行呢？首先在定時(shí)器結(jié)束之前Promise的狀態(tài)一直是pending的，回調(diào)結(jié)束之后我們才能知道是fulfilled或者是rejected，所以在執(zhí)行then的時(shí)候，如果promiseState是pending我們就把回調(diào)收集起來(lái)，當(dāng)回調(diào)結(jié)束之后再觸發(fā)。那使用什么來(lái)保存這些回調(diào)的呢？這里建議使用數(shù)組，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)Promise實(shí)例可能會(huì)多次執(zhí)行then,用數(shù)組一個(gè)個(gè)保存就可以了

initValue() {
    // 初始化值
    this.promiseResult = null
    this.promiseState = "pending" // 初始狀態(tài)
    this.onFulfilledCallbacks = []
    this.onRejectedCallbacks = []
}
resolve(val) {
    if (this.promiseState !== "pending") return
    this.promiseState = "fulfilled"
    this.promiseResult = val
    while (this.onFulfilledCallbacks.length) {
      this.onFulfilledCallbacks.shift()(this.promiseResult)
    }
}

reject(reason) {
    if (this.promiseState !== "pending") return
    this.promiseState = "rejected"
    this.promiseResult = reason
    while (this.onRejectedCallbacks.length) {
      this.onRejectedCallbacks.shift()(this.promiseResult)
    }
}
then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
    // 首先要校驗(yàn)兩個(gè)回調(diào)是否是函數(shù)
    onFulfilled = typeof onFulfilled === "function" ? onFulfilled : (val) => val
    onRejected =
      typeof onRejected === "function"
        ? onRejected
        : (reason) => {
            throw reason
          }

    if (this.promiseState === "fulfilled") {
      onFulfilled(this.promiseResult)
    } else if (this.promiseState === "rejected") {
      onRejected(this.promiseResult)
    } else if (this.promiseState === "pending") {
      this.onFulfilledCallbacks.push(onFulfilled.bind(this))
      this.onRejectedCallbacks.push(onRejected.bind(this))
    }
}

鏈?zhǔn)秸{(diào)用

我們?cè)賮?lái)重新看下鏈?zhǔn)秸{(diào)用的例子

// 鏈?zhǔn)秸{(diào)用 直接輸出2000
const p3 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  resolve(1000)
})
  .then(
    (res) => 2 * res,
    (err) => console.log(err)
  )
  .then(
    (res) => console.log(res),
    (err) => console.log(err)
  )

// 鏈?zhǔn)秸{(diào)用 輸出3000
const p4 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  resolve(1000)
})
  .then(
    (res) => new Promise((resolve, reject) => resolve(3 * res)),
    (err) => console.log(err)
  )
  .then(
    (res) => console.log(res),
    (err) => console.log(err)
  )

由此可得：

then方法本身會(huì)返回一個(gè)新的Promise對(duì)象
如果返回值是promise對(duì)象，返回值為成功，新promise就是成功
如果返回值是promise對(duì)象，返回值為失敗，新promise就是失敗
如果返回值是非promise對(duì)象，新promise對(duì)象就是成功，值為此返回值

這里我們對(duì)then改造了一下

then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
    // 首先要校驗(yàn)兩個(gè)回調(diào)是否是函數(shù)
    onFulfilled = typeof onFulfilled === "function" ? onFulfilled : (val) => val
    onRejected =
      typeof onRejected === "function"
        ? onRejected
        : (reason) => {
            throw reason
          }

    var thenPromise = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
      const resolvePromise = (cb) => {
        try {
          const x = cb(this.promiseResult)

          if (x === thenPromise && x) {
            throw new Error("不能返回自身")
          }
          if (x instanceof MyPromise) {
            // 如果是promise 返回值為成功 新promise 就是成功
            // 如果是promise 返回值失敗 新promise  就是失敗
            x.then(resolve, reject)
          } else {
            // 如果不是promise 直接返回成功
            resolve(x)
          }
        } catch (error) {
          reject(error)
          throw new Error(error)
        }
      }

      if (this.promiseState === "fulfilled") {
        resolvePromise(onFulfilled)
      } else if (this.promiseState === "rejected") {
        resolvePromise(onRejected)
      } else if (this.promiseState === "pending") {
        this.onFulfilledCallbacks.push(resolvePromise.bind(this, onFulfilled))
        this.onRejectedCallbacks.push(resolvePromise.bind(this, onRejected))
      }
    })

    return thenPromise
  }

then會(huì)返回一個(gè)新的Promise,在這個(gè)新的promise中定義了方法resolvePromise ，接收一個(gè)cb回調(diào)函數(shù)，這個(gè)cb就是傳入的onFulfilled或者onRejected。如果這兩個(gè)回調(diào)返回的不是promise，那結(jié)果直接resolve出去。如果是promise,那么就需要根據(jù)它的狀態(tài)來(lái)決定下一步操作。那它到底是成功還是失敗的呢，只有它的then知道。然后把resolve和reject當(dāng)做回調(diào)傳給then,如果x返回的是成功的Promise,則會(huì)執(zhí)行resolve, 如果x返回的是失敗的promise，則會(huì)執(zhí)行reject。這樣鏈?zhǔn)秸{(diào)用的then才會(huì)知道執(zhí)行哪一個(gè)回調(diào)。

執(zhí)行順序

const p = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  resolve(1)
}).then(
  (res) => console.log(res),
  (err) => console.log(err)
)

console.log(2)

為了實(shí)現(xiàn)類(lèi)似的功能，使用setTimeout代替

看下完整代碼

class MyPromise {
  constructor(executor) {
    // 初始化值
    this.initValue()
    // 初始化this指向
    this.initBind()

    try {
      executor(this.resolve, this.reject)
    } catch (error) {
      this.reject(error)
    }
  }

  initValue() {
    // 初始化值
    this.promiseResult = null
    this.promiseState = "pending" // 初始狀態(tài)
    this.onFulfilledCallbacks = []
    this.onRejectedCallbacks = []
  }

  initBind() {
    this.resolve = this.resolve.bind(this)
    this.reject = this.reject.bind(this)
  }

  resolve(val) {
    if (this.promiseState !== "pending") return
    this.promiseState = "fulfilled"
    this.promiseResult = val
    while (this.onFulfilledCallbacks.length) {
      this.onFulfilledCallbacks.shift()(this.promiseResult)
    }
  }

  reject(reason) {
    if (this.promiseState !== "pending") return
    this.promiseState = "rejected"
    this.promiseResult = reason
    while (this.onRejectedCallbacks.length) {
      this.onRejectedCallbacks.shift()(this.promiseResult)
    }
  }

  then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
    // 首先要校驗(yàn)兩個(gè)回調(diào)是否是函數(shù)
    onFulfilled = typeof onFulfilled === "function" ? onFulfilled : (val) => val
    onRejected =
      typeof onRejected === "function"
        ? onRejected
        : (reason) => {
            throw reason
          }

    var thenPromise = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
      const resolvePromise = (cb) => {
        setTimeout(() => {
          try {
            const x = cb(this.promiseResult)

            if (x === thenPromise && x) {
              throw new Error("不能返回自身")
            }

            if (x instanceof MyPromise) {
              // 如果是promise 返回值為成功 新promise 就是成功
              // 如果是promise 返回值失敗 新promise  就是失敗
              x.then(resolve, reject)
            } else {
              // 如果不是promise 直接返回成功
              resolve(x)
            }
          } catch (error) {
            reject(error)
            throw new Error(error)
          }
        })
      }

      if (this.promiseState === "fulfilled") {
        resolvePromise(onFulfilled)
      } else if (this.promiseState === "rejected") {
        resolvePromise(onRejected)
      } else if (this.promiseState === "pending") {
        this.onFulfilledCallbacks.push(resolvePromise.bind(this, onFulfilled))
        this.onRejectedCallbacks.push(resolvePromise.bind(this, onRejected))
      }
    })

    return thenPromise
  }
}

其他方法

all

接收一個(gè)Promise數(shù)組，數(shù)組中如有非Promise項(xiàng)，則此項(xiàng)當(dāng)做成功
如果所有Promise都成功，則返回成功結(jié)果數(shù)組
如果有一個(gè)Promise失敗，則返回這個(gè)失敗的結(jié)果

static all(promiseList) {
    const result = []
    const count = 0

    return new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
      const addData = function (index, value) {
        result[index] = value
        count++

        if (count === promiseList.length) resolve(result)
      }

      promiseList.forEach((promise, index) => {
        if (promise instanceof MyPromise) {
          promise.then(
            (res) => {
              addData(index, res)
            },
            (err) => {
              reject(err)
            }
          )
        } else {
          addData(index, promise)
        }
      })
    })
}

race

接收一個(gè)Promise數(shù)組，數(shù)組中有非Promise項(xiàng)，則此項(xiàng)當(dāng)做成功
哪個(gè)Promise最快得到結(jié)果，就返回那個(gè)結(jié)果，無(wú)論成功失敗

race(promiseList) {
    return new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
      promiseList.forEach((promise) => {
        if (promise instanceof MyPromise) {
          promise.then(
            (res) => resolve(res),
            (err) => reject(err)
          )
        } else {
          resolve(promise)
        }
      })
    })
}

allSettled

接收一個(gè)Promise數(shù)組，數(shù)組中有非Promise項(xiàng)，則此項(xiàng)當(dāng)做成功
把每個(gè)Promise的結(jié)果，集合成數(shù)組后返回

allSettled(promiseList) {
    const result = []
    let count = 0
    return new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
      const addData = function (status, value, i) {
        result[i] = {
          status,
          value
        }

        count++
        if (count === promiseList.length) {
          resolve(result)
        }
      }

      promiseList.forEach((promise, index) => {
        if (promise instanceof MyPromise) {
          promise.then(
            (res) => {
              addData("fulfilled", res, index)
            },
            (err) => {
              addData("reject", err, index)
            }
          )
        } else {
          resolve(promise)
        }
      })
    })
}

any

與all相反

接收一個(gè)Promise數(shù)組，數(shù)組中如有非Promise項(xiàng)，則此項(xiàng)當(dāng)做成功
如果有一個(gè)Promise成功，則返回這個(gè)成功結(jié)果
如果所有Promise都失敗，則報(bào)錯(cuò)

static any(promiseList) {
    return new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
      let count = 0
      promiseList.forEach((promise) => {
        if (promise instanceof MyPromise) {
          promise.then(
            (res) => {
              resolve(res)
            },
            (err) => {
              count++
              if (count === promiseList.length) {
                reject("error")
              }
            }
          )
        } else {
          resolve(promise)
        }
      })
    })
  }

到此這篇關(guān)于JavaScript面試必備技巧之手寫(xiě)一個(gè)Promise的文章就介紹到這了,更多相關(guān)JavaScript手寫(xiě)Promise內(nèi)容請(qǐng)搜索腳本之家以前的文章或繼續(xù)瀏覽下面的相關(guān)文章希望大家以后多多支持腳本之家！

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