如何在生產(chǎn)上部署Django?

Django的部署可以有很多方式，采用nginx+uwsgi的方式是其中比較常見的一種方式。

uwsgi介紹

uWSGI是一個(gè)Web服務(wù)器，它實(shí)現(xiàn)了WSGI協(xié)議、uwsgi、http等協(xié)議。Nginx中HttpUwsgiModule的作用是與uWSGI服務(wù)器進(jìn)行交換。

要注意 WSGI / uwsgi / uWSGI 這三個(gè)概念的區(qū)分。

• WSGI是一種Web服務(wù)器網(wǎng)關(guān)接口。它是一個(gè)Web服務(wù)器（如nginx，uWSGI等服務(wù)器）與web應(yīng)用（如用Flask框架寫的程序）通信的一種規(guī)范。
• uwsgi是一種線路協(xié)議而不是通信協(xié)議，在此常用于在uWSGI服務(wù)器與其他網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器的數(shù)據(jù)通信。
• 而uWSGI是實(shí)現(xiàn)了uwsgi和WSGI兩種協(xié)議的Web服務(wù)器。
• uwsgi協(xié)議是一個(gè)uWSGI服務(wù)器自有的協(xié)議，它用于定義傳輸信息的類型（type of information），每一個(gè)uwsgi packet前4byte為傳輸信息類型描述，它與WSGI相比是兩樣?xùn)|西。
  

uwsgi性能非常高

uWSGI的主要特點(diǎn)如下

• 超快的性能
• 低內(nèi)存占用（實(shí)測(cè)為apache2的mod_wsgi的一半左右）
• 多app管理（終于不用冥思苦想下個(gè)app用哪個(gè)端口比較好了-.-）
• 詳盡的日志功能（可以用來分析app性能和瓶頸）
• 高度可定制（內(nèi)存大小限制，服務(wù)一定次數(shù)后重啟等）

總而言之uwgi是個(gè)部署用的好東東，正如uWSGI作者所吹噓的：

If you are searching for a simple wsgi-only server, uWSGI is not for you, but if you are building a real (production-ready) app that need to be rock-solid, fast and easy to distribute/optimize for various load-average, you will pathetically and morbidly fall in love (we hope) with uWSGI.

Uwsgi 安裝使用

# Install the latest stable release:
pip install uwsgi
# ... or if you want to install the latest LTS (long term support) release,
pip install https://projects.unbit.it/downloads/uwsgi-lts.tar.gz

基本測(cè)試

Create a file called test.py:

# test.py
def application(env, start_response):
  start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type','text/html')])
  return [b"Hello World"] # python3
  #return ["Hello World"] # python2

運(yùn)行

uwsgi --http :8000 --wsgi-file test.py

用uwsgi 啟動(dòng)django

uwsgi --http :8000 --module mysite.wsgi

可以把參數(shù)寫到配置文件里

alex@alex-ubuntu:~/uwsgi-test$ more crazye-uwsgi.ini
 
 
[uwsgi]
http = :9000
#the local unix socket file than commnuincate to Nginx
socket = 127.0.0.1:8001
# the base directory (full path)
chdir = /home/alex/CrazyEye
# Django's wsgi file
wsgi-file = CrazyEye/wsgi.py
# maximum number of worker processes
processes = 4
#thread numbers startched in each worker process
threads = 2
 
#monitor uwsgi status
stats = 127.0.0.1:9191
# clear environment on exit
vacuum     = true

啟動(dòng)

/usr/local/bin/uwsgi crazye-uwsgi.ini

Nginx安裝使用　　

sudo apt-get install nginx
sudo /etc/init.d/nginx start # start nginx

為你的項(xiàng)目生成Nginx配置文件

You will need the uwsgi_params file, which is available in the nginx directory of the uWSGI distribution, or from https://github.com/nginx/nginx/blob/master/conf/uwsgi_params

Copy it into your project directory. In a moment we will tell nginx to refer to it.

Now create a file called mysite_nginx.conf, and put this in it:

# mysite_nginx.conf
 
# the upstream component nginx needs to connect to
upstream django {
  # server unix:///path/to/your/mysite/mysite.sock; # for a file socket
  server 127.0.0.1:8001; # for a web port socket (we'll use this first)
}
 
# configuration of the server
server {
  # the port your site will be served on
  listen   8000;
  # the domain name it will serve for
  server_name .example.com; # substitute your machine's IP address or FQDN
  charset   utf-8;
 
  # max upload size
  client_max_body_size 75M;  # adjust to taste
 
  # Django media
  location /media {
    alias /path/to/your/mysite/media; # your Django project's media files - amend as required
  }
 
  location /static {
    alias /path/to/your/mysite/static; # your Django project's static files - amend as required
  }
 
  # Finally, send all non-media requests to the Django server.
  location / {
    uwsgi_pass django;
    include   /path/to/your/mysite/uwsgi_params; # the uwsgi_params file you installed
  }
}

This conf file tells nginx to serve up media and static files from the filesystem, as well as handle requests that require Django's intervention. For a large deployment it is considered good practice to let one server handle static/media files, and another handle Django applications, but for now, this will do just fine.

Symlink to this file from /etc/nginx/sites-enabled so nginx can see it:

sudo ln -s ~/path/to/your/mysite/mysite_nginx.conf /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/

Deploying static files

Before running nginx, you have to collect all Django static files in the static folder. First of all you have to edit mysite/settings.py adding:

STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "static/")

and then run

python manage.py collectstatic　　

此時(shí)啟動(dòng)Nginx 和Uwsgi，你的django項(xiàng)目就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)高并發(fā)啦！

以上就是本文的全部?jī)?nèi)容，希望對(duì)大家的學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助，也希望大家多多支持腳本之家。

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