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pytest中文文檔之編寫斷言

 更新時(shí)間:2019年09月12日 11:46:39   作者:luizyao  
這篇文章主要給大家介紹了關(guān)于pytest中文文檔之編寫斷言的相關(guān)資料,文中通過示例代碼介紹的非常詳細(xì),對(duì)大家學(xué)習(xí)或者使用pytest具有一定的參考學(xué)習(xí)價(jià)值,需要的朋友們下面來(lái)一起學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)習(xí)吧

編寫斷言

使用assert編寫斷言

pytest允許你使用python標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的assert表達(dá)式寫斷言;

例如,你可以這樣做:

# test_sample.py

def func(x):
 return x + 1


def test_sample():
 assert func(3) == 5

如果這個(gè)斷言失敗,你會(huì)看到func(3)實(shí)際的返回值:

/d/Personal Files/Python/pytest-chinese-doc/src (5.1.2)
λ pytest test_sample.py
================================================= test session starts =================================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-5.1.2, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.12.0
rootdir: D:\Personal Files\Python\pytest-chinese-doc\src, inifile: pytest.ini
collected 1 item

test_sample.py F                         [100%]

====================================================== FAILURES ======================================================= _____________________________________________________ test_sample _____________________________________________________

 def test_sample():
>  assert func(3) == 5
E  assert 4 == 5
E  + where 4 = func(3)

test_sample.py:28: AssertionError
================================================== 1 failed in 0.05s ================================================== 

pytest支持顯示常見的python子表達(dá)式的值,包括:調(diào)用、屬性、比較、二進(jìn)制和一元運(yùn)算符等(參考pytest支持的python失敗時(shí)報(bào)告的演示);

這允許你在沒有模版代碼參考的情況下,可以使用的python的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu),而無(wú)須擔(dān)心丟失自省的問題;

同時(shí),你也可以為斷言指定了一條說(shuō)明信息,用于失敗時(shí)的情況說(shuō)明:

assert a % 2 == 0, "value was odd, should be even"

編寫觸發(fā)期望異常的斷言

你可以使用pytest.raises()作為上下文管理器,來(lái)編寫一個(gè)觸發(fā)期望異常的斷言:

import pytest


def myfunc():
 raise ValueError("Exception 123 raised")


def test_match():
 with pytest.raises(ValueError):
  myfunc()

當(dāng)用例沒有返回ValueError或者沒有異常返回時(shí),斷言判斷失??;

如果你希望同時(shí)訪問異常的屬性,可以這樣:

import pytest


def myfunc():
 raise ValueError("Exception 123 raised")


def test_match():
 with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
  myfunc()
 assert '123' in str(excinfo.value)

其中,excinfo是ExceptionInfo的一個(gè)實(shí)例,它封裝了異常的信息;常用的屬性包括:.type、.value和.traceback;

注意:在上下文管理器的作用域中,raises代碼必須是最后一行,否則,其后面的代碼將不會(huì)執(zhí)行;所以,如果上述例子改成:

def test_match():
 with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
  myfunc()
  assert '456' in str(excinfo.value)

則測(cè)試將永遠(yuǎn)成功,因?yàn)閍ssert '456' in str(excinfo.value)并不會(huì)執(zhí)行;

你也可以給pytest.raises()傳遞一個(gè)關(guān)鍵字參數(shù)match,來(lái)測(cè)試異常的字符串表示str(excinfo.value)是否符合給定的正則表達(dá)式(和unittest中的TestCase.assertRaisesRegexp方法類似):

import pytest


def myfunc():
 raise ValueError("Exception 123 raised")


def test_match():
 with pytest.raises((ValueError, RuntimeError), match=r'.* 123 .*'):
  myfunc()

pytest實(shí)際調(diào)用的是re.search()方法來(lái)做上述檢查;并且,pytest.raises()也支持檢查多個(gè)期望異常(以元組的形式傳遞參數(shù)),我們只需要觸發(fā)其中任意一個(gè);

pytest.raises還有另外的一種使用形式:

首先,我們來(lái)看一下它在源碼中的定義:

# _pytest/python_api.py

def raises( # noqa: F811
 expected_exception: Union["Type[_E]", Tuple["Type[_E]", ...]],
 *args: Any,
 match: Optional[Union[str, "Pattern"]] = None,
 **kwargs: Any
) -> Union["RaisesContext[_E]", Optional[_pytest._code.ExceptionInfo[_E]]]:

它接收一個(gè)位置參數(shù)expected_exception,一組可變參數(shù)args,一個(gè)關(guān)鍵字參數(shù)match和一組關(guān)鍵字參數(shù)kwargs;

接著往下看:

# _pytest/python_api.py

 if not args:
  if kwargs:
   msg = "Unexpected keyword arguments passed to pytest.raises: "
   msg += ", ".join(sorted(kwargs))
   msg += "\nUse context-manager form instead?"
   raise TypeError(msg)
  return RaisesContext(expected_exception, message, match)
 else:
  func = args[0]
  if not callable(func):
   raise TypeError(
    "{!r} object (type: {}) must be callable".format(func, type(func))
   )
  try:
   func(*args[1:], **kwargs)
  except expected_exception as e:
   # We just caught the exception - there is a traceback.
   assert e.__traceback__ is not None
   return _pytest._code.ExceptionInfo.from_exc_info(
    (type(e), e, e.__traceback__)
   )
 fail(message)

其中,args如果存在,那么它的第一個(gè)參數(shù)必須是一個(gè)可調(diào)用的對(duì)象,否則會(huì)報(bào)TypeError異常;同時(shí),它會(huì)把剩余的args參數(shù)和所有kwargs參數(shù)傳遞給這個(gè)可調(diào)用對(duì)象,然后檢查這個(gè)對(duì)象執(zhí)行之后是否觸發(fā)指定異常;

所以我們有了一種新的寫法:

pytest.raises(ZeroDivisionError, lambda x: 1/x, 0)

# 或者

pytest.raises(ZeroDivisionError, lambda x: 1/x, x=0)

這個(gè)時(shí)候如果你再傳遞match參數(shù),是不生效的,因?yàn)樗挥性趇f not args:的時(shí)候生效;

另外,pytest.mark.xfail()也可以接收一個(gè)raises參數(shù),來(lái)判斷用例是否因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)具體的異常而導(dǎo)致失?。?/p>

@pytest.mark.xfail(raises=IndexError)
def test_f():
 f()

如果f()觸發(fā)一個(gè)IndexError異常,則用例標(biāo)記為xfailed;如果沒有,則正常執(zhí)行f();

注意:如果f()測(cè)試成功,用例的結(jié)果是xpassed,而不是passed;

pytest.raises適用于檢查由代碼故意引發(fā)的異常;而@pytest.mark.xfail()更適合用于記錄一些未修復(fù)的Bug;

特殊數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)比較時(shí)的優(yōu)化

# test_special_compare.py

def test_set_comparison():
 set1 = set('1308')
 set2 = set('8035')
 assert set1 == set2


def test_long_str_comparison():
 str1 = 'show me codes'
 str2 = 'show me money'
 assert str1 == str2


def test_dict_comparison():
 dict1 = {
  'x': 1,
  'y': 2,
 }
 dict2 = {
  'x': 1,
  'y': 1,
 }
 assert dict1 == dict2

上面,我們檢查了三種數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)的比較:集合、字符串和字典;

/d/Personal Files/Python/pytest-chinese-doc/src (5.1.2)
λ pytest test_special_compare.py
================================================= test session starts =================================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-5.1.2, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.12.0
rootdir: D:\Personal Files\Python\pytest-chinese-doc\src, inifile: pytest.ini
collected 3 items

test_special_compare.py FFF                      [100%]

====================================================== FAILURES ======================================================= _________________________________________________ test_set_comparison _________________________________________________

 def test_set_comparison():
  set1 = set('1308')
  set2 = set('8035')
>  assert set1 == set2
E  AssertionError: assert {'0', '1', '3', '8'} == {'0', '3', '5', '8'}
E   Extra items in the left set:
E   '1'
E   Extra items in the right set:
E   '5'
E   Use -v to get the full diff

test_special_compare.py:26: AssertionError
______________________________________________ test_long_str_comparison _______________________________________________

 def test_long_str_comparison():
  str1 = 'show me codes'
  str2 = 'show me money'
>  assert str1 == str2
E  AssertionError: assert 'show me codes' == 'show me money'
E   - show me codes
E   ?   ^ ^ ^
E   + show me money
E   ?   ^ ^ ^

test_special_compare.py:32: AssertionError
________________________________________________ test_dict_comparison _________________________________________________

 def test_dict_comparison():
  dict1 = {
   'x': 1,
   'y': 2,
  }
  dict2 = {
   'x': 1,
   'y': 1,
  }
>  assert dict1 == dict2
E  AssertionError: assert {'x': 1, 'y': 2} == {'x': 1, 'y': 1}
E   Omitting 1 identical items, use -vv to show
E   Differing items:
E   {'y': 2} != {'y': 1}
E   Use -v to get the full diff

test_special_compare.py:44: AssertionError
================================================== 3 failed in 0.09s ==================================================

針對(duì)一些特殊的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)間的比較,pytest對(duì)結(jié)果的顯示做了一些優(yōu)化:

  • 集合、列表等:標(biāo)記出第一個(gè)不同的元素;
  • 字符串:標(biāo)記出不同的部分;
  • 字典:標(biāo)記出不同的條目;

更多例子參考pytest支持的python失敗時(shí)報(bào)告的演示

為失敗斷言添加自定義的說(shuō)明

# test_foo_compare.py

class Foo:
 def __init__(self, val):
  self.val = val

 def __eq__(self, other):
  return self.val == other.val
 
 
def test_foo_compare():
 f1 = Foo(1)
 f2 = Foo(2)
 assert f1 == f2

我們定義了一個(gè)Foo對(duì)象,也復(fù)寫了它的__eq__()方法,但當(dāng)我們執(zhí)行這個(gè)用例時(shí):

/d/Personal Files/Python/pytest-chinese-doc/src (5.1.2)
λ pytest test_foo_compare.py
================================================= test session starts =================================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-5.1.2, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.12.0
rootdir: D:\Personal Files\Python\pytest-chinese-doc\src, inifile: pytest.ini
collected 1 item

test_foo_compare.py F                       [100%]

====================================================== FAILURES ======================================================= __________________________________________________ test_foo_compare ___________________________________________________

 def test_foo_compare():
  f1 = Foo(1)
  f2 = Foo(2)
>  assert f1 == f2
E  assert <src.test_foo_compare.Foo object at 0x0000020E90C4E978> == <src.test_foo_compare.Foo object at 0x0000020E90C4E630>

test_foo_compare.py:37: AssertionError
================================================== 1 failed in 0.04s ==================================================

并不能直觀的看出來(lái)失敗的原因;

在這種情況下,我們有兩種方法來(lái)解決:

  • 復(fù)寫Foo的__repr__()方法:
def __repr__(self):
  return str(self.val)

我們?cè)賵?zhí)行用例:

luyao@NJ-LUYAO-T460 /d/Personal Files/Python/pytest-chinese-doc/src (5.1.2)
λ pytest test_foo_compare.py
================================================= test session starts =================================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-5.1.2, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.12.0
rootdir: D:\Personal Files\Python\pytest-chinese-doc\src, inifile: pytest.ini
collected 1 item

test_foo_compare.py F                                              [100%]

====================================================== FAILURES ======================================================= __________________________________________________ test_foo_compare ___________________________________________________

  def test_foo_compare():
    f1 = Foo(1)
    f2 = Foo(2)
>    assert f1 == f2
E    assert 1 == 2

test_foo_compare.py:37: AssertionError
================================================== 1 failed in 0.06s ==================================================

這時(shí),我們能看到失敗的原因是因?yàn)? == 2不成立;

至于__str__()和__repr__()的區(qū)別,可以參考StackFlow上的這個(gè)問題中的回答:https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1436703/difference-between-str-and-repr

  • 使用pytest_assertrepr_compare這個(gè)鉤子方法添加自定義的失敗說(shuō)明
# conftest.py

from .test_foo_compare import Foo


def pytest_assertrepr_compare(op, left, right):
  if isinstance(left, Foo) and isinstance(right, Foo) and op == "==":
    return [
      "比較兩個(gè)Foo實(shí)例:", # 頂頭寫概要
      "  值: {} != {}".format(left.val, right.val), # 除了第一個(gè)行,其余都可以縮進(jìn)
    ]

再次執(zhí)行:

/d/Personal Files/Python/pytest-chinese-doc/src (5.1.2)
λ pytest test_foo_compare.py
================================================= test session starts =================================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-5.1.2, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.12.0
rootdir: D:\Personal Files\Python\pytest-chinese-doc\src, inifile: pytest.ini
collected 1 item

test_foo_compare.py F                                              [100%]

====================================================== FAILURES ======================================================= __________________________________________________ test_foo_compare ___________________________________________________

  def test_foo_compare():
    f1 = Foo(1)
    f2 = Foo(2)
>    assert f1 == f2
E    assert 比較兩個(gè)Foo實(shí)例:
E      值: 1 != 2

test_foo_compare.py:37: AssertionError
================================================== 1 failed in 0.05s ==================================================

我們會(huì)看到一個(gè)更友好的失敗說(shuō)明;

關(guān)于斷言自省的細(xì)節(jié)

當(dāng)斷言失敗時(shí),pytest為我們提供了非常人性化的失敗說(shuō)明,中間往往夾雜著相應(yīng)變量的自省信息,這個(gè)我們稱為斷言的自??;

那么,pytest是如何做到這樣的:

  • pytest發(fā)現(xiàn)測(cè)試模塊,并引入他們,與此同時(shí),pytest會(huì)復(fù)寫斷言語(yǔ)句,添加自省信息;但是,不是測(cè)試模塊的斷言語(yǔ)句并不會(huì)被復(fù)寫;

復(fù)寫緩存文件

pytest會(huì)把被復(fù)寫的模塊存儲(chǔ)到本地作為緩存使用,你可以通過在測(cè)試用例的根文件夾中的conftest.py里添加如下配置:

import sys

sys.dont_write_bytecode = True

來(lái)禁止這種行為;

但是,它并不會(huì)妨礙你享受斷言自省的好處,只是不會(huì)在本地存儲(chǔ).pyc文件了。

去使能斷言自省

你可以通過一下兩種方法:

  • 在需要去使能模塊的docstring中添加PYTEST_DONT_REWRITE字符串;
  • 執(zhí)行pytest時(shí),添加--assert=plain選項(xiàng);

我們來(lái)看一下去使能后的效果:

/d/Personal Files/Python/pytest-chinese-doc/src (5.1.2)
λ pytest test_foo_compare.py --assert=plain
================================================= test session starts =================================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-5.1.2, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.12.0
rootdir: D:\Personal Files\Python\pytest-chinese-doc\src, inifile: pytest.ini
collected 1 item

test_foo_compare.py F                                              [100%]

====================================================== FAILURES ======================================================= __________________________________________________ test_foo_compare ___________________________________________________

  def test_foo_compare():
    f1 = Foo(1)
    f2 = Foo(2)
>    assert f1 == f2
E    AssertionError

test_foo_compare.py:37: AssertionError
================================================== 1 failed in 0.05s ==================================================

斷言失敗時(shí)的信息就非常的不完整了,我們幾乎看不出任何有用的Debug信息;

總結(jié)

以上就是這篇文章的全部?jī)?nèi)容了,希望本文的內(nèi)容對(duì)大家的學(xué)習(xí)或者工作具有一定的參考學(xué)習(xí)價(jià)值,謝謝大家對(duì)腳本之家的支持。

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