>>> a = [1,2,3]
>>> b = [1,2,3]
>>> a == b
True
# a和b是否是同一個對象
>>> a is b
False
# a和b的地址其實是不一樣的
>>> id(a)
4498717128
>>> id(b)
4446861832

>>> a = -5
>>> b = -5
>>> a == b
True
>>> a is b
True
>>> a = -6
>>> b = -6
>>> a == b
True
>>> a is b
False

>>> a='123'
>>> b='123'
>>> a==b
True
>>> a is b
True
>>> id(a)
4446903800
>>> id(b)
4446903800
>>> x = 'long char'
>>> y = 'long char'
>>> x == y
True
>>> x is y
False

import datetime
>>> today = datetime.date.today()
>>> today
datetime.date(2019, 7, 7)
>>> print(today)
2019-07-07
>>> str(today)
'2019-07-07'
>>> repr(today)
'datetime.date(2019, 7, 7)'

>>> now = datetime.date(2019, 7, 7)
>>> now
datetime.date(2019, 7, 7)

>>> a = [1,2,3]
>>> b = list(a)
>>> a[1]=200
>>> a
[1, 200, 3]
>>> b
[1, 2, 3]

>>> a = [[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]
>>> b = list(a)
>>> a == b
True
>>> a is b
False

>>> a[1][2]='x'
>>> a
[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 'x'], [7, 8, 9]]
>>> b
[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 'x'], [7, 8, 9]]

>>> import copy
>>> a = [[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]
>>> b = copy.deepcopy(a)
>>> a
[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
>>> b
[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
>>> a[1][2]='change'
>>> a
[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 'change'], [7, 8, 9]]
>>> b
[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]

# 定義了基類Base
>>> class Base:
	def foo(self):
		raise NotImplemented
	def bar(self):
		raise NotImplemented

# 定義實現(xiàn)類
>>> class Concrete(Base):
	def foo(self):
		print('called foo')
  
  # 實現(xiàn)類并沒有實現(xiàn)bar方法
	
>>> c = Concrete()
>>> c.foo()
called foo
>>> c.bar()
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<pyshell#391>", line 1, in <module>
  c.bar()
 File "<pyshell#384>", line 5, in bar
  raise NotImplemented
TypeError: exceptions must derive from BaseException

from abc import ABC
# 定義基類，繼承于ABC
>>> class Base(ABC):
	@abstractmethod
	def foo(self):
		pass
	@abstractmethod
	def bar(self):
		pass

	
>>> class Concrete(Base):
	def foo(self):
		print("called foo")
	# 實現(xiàn)類并沒有實現(xiàn)bar方法

>>> c = Concrete()
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<pyshell#357>", line 1, in <module>
  c = Concrete()
TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class Concrete with abstract methods bar

>>> from collections import namedtuple
>>> Point = namedtuple('Point','x y z')
>>> p = Point(1,3,5)
>>> p
Point(x=1, y=3, z=5)
>>> p.x
1
>>> p.y = 3.5
AttributeError: can't set attribute
# 可以看出通過namedtuple定義對象，就是一個class類型的
>>> type(p)
<class '__main__.Point'>

# 轉(zhuǎn)化為dict
>>> p._asdict()
OrderedDict([('x', 1), ('y', 3), ('z', 5)])
# 更新或替換某個屬性值
>>> p._replace(x=111)
Point(x=111, y=3, z=5)
# 使用_make創(chuàng)建新對象
>>> Point._make([333,666,999])
Point(x=333, y=666, z=999)

>>> class Cat:
	num_legs = 4
	
>>> class Cat:
	num_legs = 4
	def __init__(self,name):
		self.name = name

>>> tom = Cat('tom')
>>> jack = Cat('jack')
>>> tom.name,jack.name
('tom', 'jack')
>>> tom.num_legs,jack.num_legs
(4, 4)
>>> Cat.num_legs
4

>>> Cat.num_legs = 6
>>> tom.num_legs,jack.num_legs
(6, 6)
>>> tom.num_legs = 2
>>> tom.num_legs,jack.num_legs
(2, 6)
>>> Cat.num_legs
6

>>> class MyClass:
	def method(self):
		print(f"instance method at {self}" )
	@classmethod
	def classmethod(cls):
		print(f'classmethod at {cls}')
	@staticmethod
	def staticmethod():
		print('staticmethod')

		
>>> mc = MyClass()
>>> mc.method
<bound method MyClass.method of <__main__.MyClass object at 0x10c280b00>>
>>> mc.classmethod
<bound method MyClass.classmethod of <class '__main__.MyClass'>>
>>> mc.staticmethod
<function MyClass.staticmethod at 0x1090d4378>

>>> mc.method()
instance method at <__main__.MyClass object at 0x10910ada0>
>>> MyClass.method(mc)
instance method at <__main__.MyClass object at 0x10910ada0>

>>> MyClass.classmethod()
classmethod at <class '__main__.MyClass'>
>>> MyClass.staticmethod()
staticmethod