神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(BP)算法Python實現(xiàn)及應用

更新時間：2018年04月16日 14:55:14 作者：一清

這篇文章主要為大家詳細介紹了Python實現(xiàn)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(BP)算法及簡單應用，具有一定的參考價值，感興趣的小伙伴們可以參考一下

本文實例為大家分享了Python實現(xiàn)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡算法及應用的具體代碼，供大家參考，具體內容如下

首先用Python實現(xiàn)簡單地神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡算法：

import numpy as np


# 定義tanh函數(shù)
def tanh(x):
  return np.tanh(x)


# tanh函數(shù)的導數(shù)
def tan_deriv(x):
  return 1.0 - np.tanh(x) * np.tan(x)


# sigmoid函數(shù)
def logistic(x):
  return 1 / (1 + np.exp(-x))


# sigmoid函數(shù)的導數(shù)
def logistic_derivative(x):
  return logistic(x) * (1 - logistic(x))


class NeuralNetwork:
  def __init__(self, layers, activation='tanh'):
    """
    神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡算法構造函數(shù)
    :param layers: 神經(jīng)元層數(shù)
    :param activation: 使用的函數(shù)（默認tanh函數(shù)）
    :return:none
    """
    if activation == 'logistic':
      self.activation = logistic
      self.activation_deriv = logistic_derivative
    elif activation == 'tanh':
      self.activation = tanh
      self.activation_deriv = tan_deriv

    # 權重列表
    self.weights = []
    # 初始化權重（隨機）
    for i in range(1, len(layers) - 1):
      self.weights.append((2 * np.random.random((layers[i - 1] + 1, layers[i] + 1)) - 1) * 0.25)
      self.weights.append((2 * np.random.random((layers[i] + 1, layers[i + 1])) - 1) * 0.25)

  def fit(self, X, y, learning_rate=0.2, epochs=10000):
    """
    訓練神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡
    :param X: 數(shù)據(jù)集（通常是二維）
    :param y: 分類標記
    :param learning_rate: 學習率（默認0.2）
    :param epochs: 訓練次數(shù)（最大循環(huán)次數(shù)，默認10000）
    :return: none
    """
    # 確保數(shù)據(jù)集是二維的
    X = np.atleast_2d(X)

    temp = np.ones([X.shape[0], X.shape[1] + 1])
    temp[:, 0: -1] = X
    X = temp
    y = np.array(y)

    for k in range(epochs):
      # 隨機抽取X的一行
      i = np.random.randint(X.shape[0])
      # 用隨機抽取的這一組數(shù)據(jù)對神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡更新
      a = [X[i]]
      # 正向更新
      for l in range(len(self.weights)):
        a.append(self.activation(np.dot(a[l], self.weights[l])))
      error = y[i] - a[-1]
      deltas = [error * self.activation_deriv(a[-1])]

      # 反向更新
      for l in range(len(a) - 2, 0, -1):
        deltas.append(deltas[-1].dot(self.weights[l].T) * self.activation_deriv(a[l]))
        deltas.reverse()
      for i in range(len(self.weights)):
        layer = np.atleast_2d(a[i])
        delta = np.atleast_2d(deltas[i])
        self.weights[i] += learning_rate * layer.T.dot(delta)

  def predict(self, x):
    x = np.array(x)
    temp = np.ones(x.shape[0] + 1)
    temp[0:-1] = x
    a = temp
    for l in range(0, len(self.weights)):
      a = self.activation(np.dot(a, self.weights[l]))
    return a

使用自己定義的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡算法實現(xiàn)一些簡單的功能：

小案例：

X:                  Y
0 0                 0
0 1                 1
1 0                 1
1 1                 0

from NN.NeuralNetwork import NeuralNetwork
import numpy as np

nn = NeuralNetwork([2, 2, 1], 'tanh')
temp = [[0, 0], [0, 1], [1, 0], [1, 1]]
X = np.array(temp)
y = np.array([0, 1, 1, 0])
nn.fit(X, y)
for i in temp:
  print(i, nn.predict(i))

發(fā)現(xiàn)結果基本機制，無限接近0或者無限接近1

第二個例子：識別圖片中的數(shù)字

導入數(shù)據(jù)：

from sklearn.datasets import load_digits
import pylab as pl

digits = load_digits()
print(digits.data.shape)
pl.gray()
pl.matshow(digits.images[0])
pl.show()

觀察下：大?。?1797, 64)

數(shù)字0

接下來的代碼是識別它們：

import numpy as np
from sklearn.datasets import load_digits
from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix, classification_report
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelBinarizer
from NN.NeuralNetwork import NeuralNetwork
from sklearn.cross_validation import train_test_split

# 加載數(shù)據(jù)集
digits = load_digits()
X = digits.data
y = digits.target
# 處理數(shù)據(jù)，使得數(shù)據(jù)處于0,1之間，滿足神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡算法的要求
X -= X.min()
X /= X.max()

# 層數(shù)：
# 輸出層10個數(shù)字
# 輸入層64因為圖片是8*8的，64像素
# 隱藏層假設100
nn = NeuralNetwork([64, 100, 10], 'logistic')
# 分隔訓練集和測試集
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y)

# 轉化成sklearn需要的二維數(shù)據(jù)類型
labels_train = LabelBinarizer().fit_transform(y_train)
labels_test = LabelBinarizer().fit_transform(y_test)
print("start fitting")
# 訓練3000次
nn.fit(X_train, labels_train, epochs=3000)
predictions = []
for i in range(X_test.shape[0]):
  o = nn.predict(X_test[i])
  # np.argmax:第幾個數(shù)對應最大概率值
  predictions.append(np.argmax(o))

# 打印預測相關信息
print(confusion_matrix(y_test, predictions))
print(classification_report(y_test, predictions))

結果：

矩陣對角線代表預測正確的數(shù)量，發(fā)現(xiàn)正確率很多